The main focus of this study is placed on reviewing and assessing the spatial regional characteristics of residential segregation against Negroes in American cities. Severe Negro segregation continues to exist, both legally and traditionally, in every field of American society. For example, segregation still occurs in such cases as marriage, education, and voting, and also in the use of such public services as hotels, restaurants, theaters, libraries, hospitals, swimming pools, beaches, parks, churches, and graveyards as well as public transportation facilities such as trains, street cars, busses, and their waiting rooms.
In the passage of the century since the Civil War, various aspects of the Negro segregation system—the so-called Jim Crow Laws—have gradually become less effective but residential segregation against Negroes still remains. The present paper is concerned with Negro-White residential segregation as an aspect of the general processes of urban residential segregation and is an experimental effort to measure quantitatively the intensity of residential segregation against Negroes. Using an original method of mathematical analysis, the author formed indices of residential segregation against Negroes for the 122 SMSA's with populations of over 200, 000. As is shown in Table 1 and Figure 2, the distribution of indices of residential segregation is not homogeneous in the United States; instead, there are regional variations.
(I) Residential Segregation in the South. In the South, the Negro segregation system has been maintained officially through legal means and such segregation has met the general approval of every White Southerner. All Negroes, as slave workhands before the Civil War, and as sharecroppers since the Civil War, have been housed in special quarters near the mansions of the white planters. It thus appears that the mixed residential system of Whites and Negroes in the South originated and continued with the development of the plantation economy. Consequently, the Negro segregation system in the South was not caused by the fact that the White Southerns, in contrast with the White Northerners, have been basically inhuman.
(II) Residential Segregation in the North. The Negro segregation system has never existed officially in the North and, generally speaking, Negro segregation in the North has been illegal. The Northern industrial society has attracted an abundance of Negroes from the Southern agricultural society in the course of the rapid growth of manufacturing industries in the North. Many cheap and unskilled Negroes, densely concentrated in Negro ghettoes, became separated from the White community. Few white people have had any interest in the dense concentrations and bad conditions of the Negro ghettos.
(III) Residential Segregation in the West. The Negro problem has not yet become a major social problem in the West. As the Negroes are newcomers, and their numbers are few in the population of the West, their social situation may be cosidered indefinite.
In summary, the writer reaches two conclusions. First, it may be true that with rapid change in political, social, and economic conditions in the United States, Negro segregation has gradually been slowing down. It appears certain that the range of Negro segregation is expanding only in Negro residential choice and in Negro occupations. Second, to express the view that Negro segregation in the South is stronger than in the North is apt to invite misunderstanding. The regional differences in Northern and Southern Negro segregation reflect merely the differences in attitude toward Negroes. This does not explain the basic meaning of the racial prejudice which exists in North and South.

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The formation of the Oda District during the Ritsuryô Period is un-documented. We may safely assume, however, that formation took place in the Pre-Taika Period by the aggregation of parts of the two agata of Kibi-Naka and Kawashima to Hokuki which, consequently, became the central part of the Oda District.
Oda is the name of both the whole district and the central part of the district. Many names connected with the Gûke (District Office) have been found in the central part and the Kôri-gongen-gu, which was probably the central shrine for the entire district during the Ritsuryô Period, is still extant.
The so-called Oda Umaya (Oda Relay-station) was probably located in Maido east of Oda. Many roof tiles from the temple which was probably the Gunji (the district temple connected with the Gûke) have also been found in Maido.
Since both Oda, which gave its name to the whole district, and Maido, which is near Oda, show traces of having been centers of the district, we conclude that the Gûke was established in Oda.
The San-yo Road is thought to have passed through the southeastern part of the Gûke area; thus, we can infer that the Gûke had easy access to land transportation. Moreover, since the Gûke was situated on the Oda River, it must have been connected to good water transportation links.
Judging from the fact that three different Jôri systems have been found in the comparatively small Oda valley, it seems certain that the Gûke was established at the time when the Jôri systems were being enacted. As the southern side of the Gûke is 6 cho (about 654 meters) in length, it can be assumed that the Gûke was 6 cho square.

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In order to analyse house types in modern settlements, observation of classical house types is insufficient. In any settlement, it is necessary to observe all kinds of houses (old or new, small or big) and to attempt a complete enumeration of house types. Air-photos are suitable for achieving this purpose speedily, but the method of interpretation of small, point-shaped photo-images such as house types is insufficiently established.
This paper first discusses some problems of interpretating point-shaped photo-images and, then, attempts a complete enumeration of house types by using air-photos.
(1) Interpretation method of point-shaped photo-image. Five steps (Table 1) for interpreting point-shaped photo-images were established. A relationship was found between step and scale of photo in that as the photo scale became larger, a more advanced step became necessary.
(2) Complete enumeration of house types by using air-photos (Table 2). An examination was made of the settlement of Mihama-cho, Wakayama prefecture. Two independent data sources were used for house type classification (Table 4). One source was local house tax records and the other was air-photos. Using a Zeiss Stereotope, individual house types (Fig. 3) in Mio were discerned and the settlement pattern (Fig. 2) was drawn. Thus, by using air-photos, an intensive classification, based on house-roof variations was made. The use of air-photos for studying house types seems more suitable for intensive surveys than for extensive surveys.

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Sudden warming during nocturnal air temperature changes has been explained in terms of the mixture of the inversion layer. This paper intends to report on the fluctuations attributed to another reason.
Many mulberries have been grown for sericulture in the Kakuda Basin lying in the north end of the Abukuma Mountains. These mulberries have frequently suffered from frost damage in the late spring. Investigating the nocturaal temperature in this basin, Sasaki and Makita (1972) suggested that the degree of frost damage is related to the fluctuations of nocturanal air temperatures, and Kikuchi (1972) reported that the fluctuations were accompanied by increase in wind speed. Therefore, it is necessary that the fluctuations are recognized under inverse nocturnal temperature conditions.
(1) Measurement
The vertical distribution of air temperatures from 0.3m. to 10m. was measured with recording thermister-thermometers. The observation points were F, G, H, I and MB (Fig. 1). The wind speed was observed at point K. Except for obviously bad weather nights, the air temperatures for 11 nights were analyzed mainly at point G.
(2) Some examples of inversion and the fluctuations of nocturnal temperatures
March 19-20 (Fig. 2-A) The wind was weak (0-2m/sec.) and the intensity of inverstion from 0.3m. to 2m. (Δ₂) showed little fluctuation (0.6-1.3°C), but there were wide changes from 0.3m. to 10m. (Δ₁₀) (1.3-4.3°C). The fluctuations began to appear after 2000 hours and large fluctuations corresponded to increases in wind speed. Warming appeared at every height at 0200 hours and warming at 10m. was especially great. At 0300 hours, warming was remarkable at 10m. but did not take place at 0.3m. Therefore, inversion was intensified at the peaks of the fluctuations.
April 1-2 (Fig. 2-B) The wind was strong (4-11/sec m) and the intensity of inversion Δ₂ was about 1°C, and Δ₁₀ did not fluctuate widely (0.3-1.5°C). Under these conditions, fluctuations began at 2130 hours and were associated with the times of wind strengthening. The lower the height, the larger the warmings were (for example, at 2230 hours 0.1°C at 10m., 0.4°C at 2m., and 0.6°C at 0.3m.).
For these two nights, on the night with strong winds, the inversion of the upper layer was weak and the temperature fluctuations were greater in the lower layer. On the night with weak wind, however, the greater the height, the larger were the temperature fluctuations. Inversion at the peaks of the fluctuations were, therefore, strengthened on the night with weak winds, and were weakened on the night with strong winds.
(3) The amplitude and time intervals of air temperature fluctuations in 11 nights
Fig. 3 shows that there are many small fluctuations and that the numbers decrease as the fluctuations enlarge. Fig. 4 shows the differences of the fluctuations with height. In this figure, the longitudinal axis is the difference between the mean value of the fluctuations at 10m. on one night and that at 0.3m., and the lateral axis is the mean value of the wind speed at Kakuda City on one night. The wind records are lacking for three night. Except for the night of March 29-30 when the inversion ceased to exist, it is shown in this picture that the fluctuations are larger in the upper layer during the night with weak wind but are equal or somewhat larger in the lower layer on the night with winds over about 3m/sec.
Fig. 6 shows the frequency of time intervals of the fluctuations and the mean maximum value at 50 minute intervals.
(4) Areal extent of air temperature fluctuations at night
The nocturnal warmings at point G were associated with increases in wind speed at K, and Fig. 7-A shows the good synchronous fluctuations at points F and G. It is inferred from these phenomena that the fluctuations in nocturnal air temperature change may occur areally, but further investigation is re

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Two levels of pediments have developed in the Huasco area of the Atacama desert (Y. Akagi 1972). The upper pediment rim is about 100 meters in height and the lower is about 30 meters. The free face between the two levels is about 20 meters in relative height and has retreated about 800 meters to its present position.
Along the Huasco River, there are two levels of fill terraces. The upper terrace has a broad surface and the lower has a narrow one (Fig. 1). It is supporsed that the upper terrace is a filltop terrace and the lower is a fill strath terrace. Sand dunes, constructed of materials transported from the seacoast, cover most of the terrace surfaces to a distance of up to 6 kilometers from the river mouth. One exception is a small spot about 3 kilometers from the river mouth. At this point the upper terrace surface is approximately 100 meters high.
The base-level of the upper pediment correlates with the upper terrace surface. Development of the lower pediment occured after the formation of the upper terrace surface. Identification of the upper terrace surface formation period will permit an estimate of the retreat of the free face.
It is still unclear, but since the upper terrace surface appears to have formed during the Günz-Mindel interglacial period (400, 000-200, 000 B. P.), the retreat rate of the free face seems to be about 2-4mm/year.

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Les dépôts de solifluxion inserés entre deux couches à humus ont été découverts sur les inselberg qui sont placés dans la partie S. du bassin de Nayoro. Ces dépôts se cômposent principalement des cailloux subanguleux cobbles et v. l. pebbles d'andésite. I1 me paraît qu'ils ont été apportés des montagnes marginales de l'est par la solifluxion forte sons un climat froid d'avant la formation d'inselberg, en se fondant sur l'observation des morphologies environnantes et sur le sondage.

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Small basins in the Takadate Hills are covered with late Pleistocene and Holocene fluvial and lacustrine deposits. These deposits are 10-15 meters thick and indicate the tectonic and denudational history of the area.

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There is remarkable decrease in the amount of the pulp-timber carried by railway into a certain wood-pulp factory which is located in the southern inland part of Fukushima Prefecture from 1961 to 1970. Two wood-pulp factories newly established between this time interval in eastern part of Aomori Prefecture and inland area of Iwate Prefecture partition the former supply area of whole Tohoku district into three smaller supply areas. Then importance of railway transportation has been diminished comparing that of the other transport facilities.

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