The locational behaviors in the complete feed industry are, in general, based on the following two principles.
The first is to build the main plants in the leading port-areas. That is because the cost of raw materials is so high as to occupy 87% of the total, and moreover most of the raw materials are imported from abroad. In reality, their main plants are located in the four leading port-areas, where 85% of imported raw materials are unloaded (Fig. 2 Table 2).
The second is to build the plants at the optimum locations to hold the market. This principle became more important since 1960, when the comeptition for the share in the complete-feed market grew keener, and the holding of the market became more urgent as an indispensable condition for the maintenance of the plants. Consequently, many plants have come to be built not only in the above-mentioned leading port-areas but also in the tecal port-areas (Fig. 2 Table 1).
However, we should notice that the firms of this industry are to be divided into two groups by their nature: National Purchasing Federation of Agricultural Co-operation Association (Abbrev. ZENKOREN) and the others. To the latter, the first and the second principles are well applied, but to the former, another principle is to be applied. This is to locate the plants at the optimum places for the benefits of users. It means that ZENKOREN, as an association of users, should consider their benefits with the first priority at the cost of some pecuniary losses on the side of the association. That is why, each member of ZENKOREN -Prefectural Economic Federations of Agricultural Cooperation- is allowed to locate its own plant at the optimum place in its local market and ZENKOREN is obliged to approve this inevitable losses on the side of the association (Fig. 1 Table 1).
In short, the last principle is to be applied specially to the members of ZENKOREN in addition to the first, and the second principles, while only the first and the second ones are applied to the rest. This difference between the two, is precisely the result of the characteristics of ZENKOREN, as the associaton of users; and thus its characteristics form its own plant-system, peculiar to this association.

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The main ports in Tohoku amount to twelve. The writer classified them into three categories from the view-point of their functions.
The first categoriy is a group of the ports the emphasis of which is laid on import of the raw materials for industry such as mineral ores and pulp wood. Nine cases out of twlve belong to this category. They are Onahama, Ishinomaki, Ofunado, Kamaishi, Miyako, Hachinohe, Funakawa, Akita and Sakata. These port cities have large factories of iron-steel, metal-smelting and chemical industries, and the factories are ordinarily combined with the piers of the ports. These ports should be regarded as “industrial ports”.
Shiriyazaki is the typical port belonging to the second category. The port is exclusively used for exportation of raw matrials for industry produced in the neighbouring area.
The third is a group of the ports which export and import miscellaneous goods including daily necessities. Two ports, Shiogama and Aomori, come under the category.
Generally speaking, the ports wih the large piers for ships of over 10, 000 tons are operating actively, and many of these facilities have been constructured since about 1960 in Tohoku. Thus we may say that the freight traffic of the ports in Tohoku has beenrapidly developed within the last decade.

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Ishinomaki city is situated at the mouth of the Kitakami river, and is one of the industrial cities in Tohoku. It has 11, 496 workers engaged in manufacturing and about 375 billion yen of industrial output in 1967. The industry made a remarkable progress since a pulp factory started in 1940. The process of the industrial development of the city is classified into four stages;
1) Germing stage: 1870-1930 The industry was characterized with simple processing of marine products such as fish-cake and dried bonito. In the last quarter of the stage, the development of Ishinomaki as a fishing port gave an impetus to the development of industries related to fishery, and new plants of ice-making, refrigeration of fish, and ship- building started their operation.
2) Growing stage: 1930-1945 Ice-making, freezing of fish and ship-building continued to develop, and many plants were built in the riverside area of the Kitakami river. A larger pulp factory was newly established to the west of the city, beyond the Hiyoriyama- Hill. However, since 1935 all of them were converted into munition factories.
3) Establishing stage: 1945-1962 After the restoration to the pre-war standard, Ishinomaki experienced a rapid progress in food stuff industry and pulp industry, which composed two main parts of the industry. But the food stuff industry has been changed in the contents and structure: the decrease of the weight of simple processing typical of domestic industry made a sharp contrast with the development of ice-making, freezing of fish and canning operated by modern large factories. Also, ship-building, machinery and metal industry made progress.
4) The stage of secondary take-off : Since 1962 Based on the new development project of Ishinomaki city as a part of the Sendai Bay Region which is one of the New Industrial Cities, the construction of a new industrial port was started to the west of the built-up area, and keeping step with its progress about 30 new factories including lumber industry, food processing, chemical industry and compound-feed-making for poultry and live-stock, ship-building and machinery have been located at the industrial estates near the port. Thus, the composition of manufacturing industry in the city tends to diversify. Also, owing to the establishment of the new industrial estates, separated from the old industrial area near the riverside of the Kitakami river the distribution of industrial works is differentiating into two main industrial areas. These phenomena are similar to those in other industrial cities with new industrial ports, e. g., Hachinohe, Akita, Sakata and Niigata, and may offer a subject for the study of urban structure.

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In the Mutsu bay the aquiculture of laver and scallop are carried on. The laver-culture in the Mutsu bay, to compare with such in Iwate and Miyagi prefectures, is not profitable because of its late growth resulted from lower water temperature of the Mutsu bay and the long distance from the markets. On the other hand the scallop culture, in spite of a large burden to the coast-fisherman, (it involves plenty of expences for equipment and labor) pays much better, because the Mutsu bay is situated closer to the markets than Hokkaido, wich is the other main producing district. Okunai fishery cooperation made and eary start in the investigation of this industry in order to recover from the depression caused by the decline of drift-net fihsing. They succeeded in the device of a new method of scallop culture in cages hanged in the sea, and now Okunai is a center of the scallop culture in the Mutsu bay. But Okunai fishery cooperation failded to expand the authorized area because of their limitations, therefore Okunai fishery cooperation is forced to restrict the management scale per one group in order to enable more groups to join.

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Hill Surfaces around Sendai have been transformed mainly into residential area in the same way as in many other large cities. Landslide is one of serious problems occurred in these area. It is the purpose of this paper to point out that landslides in Sendai and the relations between landslide and transformation of hill land.
From 1963 to May 1970, there occurred 73 landslides on 27 days. It is well known that landslides are connected with rainfall, and in Sendai total rainfall of the two days, the one when the landslide occurred and the day just before, was found strongly influential. The number of landslides increases on days with the total rainfall exceeding 80 mm. Most landslides occurred in June, August and September in a year.
Landslides are distributed in two areas, Aobayama Hills and Hanakita Hills. The former have more number of landslides than the latter. Landslides are observed intensively around Yagiyama in Aobayama Hills, especially in Mukaiyama area. In Nanakita Hills, however, landslides are less frequent. Concerning the relations between the location of landslides and total rainfall, many landslide in Aobayama Hills occurred at the time of less total rainfall than in Nanakita Hills. The nature of surface material may be one of the factors of this distinctive difference.
Most of landslides occurred on hillslopes or slightly transformed hill area and most slid cliffs have maximum scale near them. Because there, initial slopes were steep to begin with. The number of landslides is related to the degree of transformation of initial hill surface. The typical example is Mukaiyama.

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The authere investigated the erosion processes of pumice flow deposits in the upper reach of the Goto River. The results are as follows: The first pumice now deposit was very highly absorptive of the moisture, and when it had a little moisture, there occurred columnar exfoliation of scarps. The development of hollow topography took place after the deposition of the loam and humus, induced from a landslide after the heavy rain fall and the eqrthquake etc. Also, the developments of the vertical gully type are enlarged by the underground water rather than the fluvial erosion.
The main factors for columnar exfoliation of scarps are 1) underground water, 2) fluvial water, 3) earthquake, 4) aridity, and 5) rain water. The main factors for columnar exfoliation of scarps are 1) underground water, 2) fluvial water, 3) earthquake, 4) aridity, and 5) rain water.

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The geomorphological surfaces distributed in Miyakonojd Basin can be classified into four groups, namely M₁, M₂, L₁ and L₂ Surfaces. M1 Surface is the depositional surface of upper pumice flow (Aira pumice flow) called “Shirasu” that was dated back to 16, 000 to 20, 000 years B.P. during the last glacial stage. M₂ Surface is the depositional one of pumiceous sand and gravel. L₁ Surface is subdivided into Surfaces L_1-1 and L_1-2 a (they are shown as L_I Surface inclusively in all illustrations). The former is the erosional surface, mainly distributes in the western and southern part of the basin. The latter is in the eastern paxt of the basin and is the depositional surface of the gravel bed that was supplied from Minaminaka Mts. L₂ Surface is a group of small surfaces and is consisted of gravel bed. This surface was formed in ca. 6, 000 years B.P., during the Postglacial transgression. The welded part of upper pumice flow has main effect on the geomorphological develop- ment of the Miyakonojô Basin. It is supposed that there was an effect of the eustatic rise of sea-level simultaneously. It may be considered that the geomorphological development of this basin is a process to recover the equilibrium of Ôyodo River, which is lost by the deposition of upper pumice flow and by the eustatic rise of sea-level in late Quaternary.

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Visiting Kwanju in August 1970, the writer had the opportunity to observe erosion surfaces and blockstreams. The erosion surfaces are composed of gentle slopes that turn abruptly to steep escarpments, and flat top hills, the tops of which are almost of the same height. The gentle slopes are underlain with veneers 2 or 3 meters thick and is composed of cobbles, boulders and/or coarse sand not well bedded and sorted. On the top of hills, rock fragments are scattered in the soil. The writer supposes these erosion surfaces are dissected pediplain.
Blockstrearas are found here and there in Korea. One of them at Mt. Kyoryong near Namwon is accumulated on dissected pediment. It is 300 meters long and 30-20 meters wide. Diameter of blocks in the blockstream is about a meter. It seems that this block-stream is not moving at present. On the west side slope of Mt. Moodeung, about 8 km to the east from Kwanju, blocks cover the whole surface of the slope. This is so-called “blockfield”. At the east side slope, there are blockstrams and blockfield. But the writer could not judge whether these blockstreams and blockfields are moving or not at present.

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A new civic centre is projected at some distance outside of old C. B. D. Over crowdness, lack of modern facilities, and expansion of traditional centre are the reasons for new centres. The origins, forms, services, way of construction, and the distance between the old and new are different by three examples. Shinjuku and Defense are similar in distance, about 6 km from the old centre, but Croydon is located 14 km from the City.

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Recently, the location behavior of establishments and facilities for “distribution of goods” has been rapidly changed. In the case of Sendai, the areal distribution of trucking and warehousing establishments is shown in the map. Many of them are located along the national highway Route 45 and other trunk roads near the eastern fringe of built-up area. Attracted by the Central Wholesale Market, Railway Freight Station, Trudk-terminal and Sendai by-pass, all of which were cons true tured after 1960, “Sendai Distribution Center” including wholesale etate, warehouse estate and truck terminal is now in construction at the nieghbouring area and the “distribution area of goods” is growing to play a role as a prart of urban function.

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A periglacial phenomenon was found on the Oshamanbe Terrace Deposit at the northern part of the western coast of Funka Bay, Oshima Peninsula, Hokkaido.
Fig. 2 and 3 show the Taschenboden which is observed between volcanic ash and sand layers.
This Taschenboden seems to have been formed in the Wurm Age due to the correlation of 40-60 m terrace with the terrace at the same level in Japan.

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