This report mainly concerns the progress and the background of sake breming, lumbering and wood working of Yuzawa city during the industrial revolution of Japan.
The results are summarized as follows.
By the opening of the Dou-line in 1905, commodity system flows which previously had depended upon the road or the river transportations were converted to the utilization of the railway.
Consequently Yuzawa city changed its position as the gateway to Tokyo and the commodity system flows and the spacial mobility of population were widened. This made Yuzawa city as the center of that area. This fact means a great deal to the development of regional industry.
Innai (silver mining town), which has prospered greatly since the beginning of 1700, had been breeding the regional economy of Yuzawa for last three hundred years. This prosperious regional economy has contributed a great deal to the development of sake brewing, lumbering and wood working from the beginning of the 1910's to the 1920's.
The economic contribution of the landowners or the rich merchants and the political influence of the prefectural, and other local politicians, such as member of Chamber of Commerce and Industry, also revealed their efforts in the development of this area.

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In industrial geography, we have often used the term “material-oriented location” and “market-oriented location”. But in most of papers, they have been used roughly without any analysis about the interregional flow of raw materials or products. If we use the terms for market-oriented location, we cannot explain the relation between the factory and the market area until we analyze the flow of industrial products. There are few papers which dealt with it up to now.
The author investigated cement distribution in Tohoku between the factory and consumers, and at the same time analyzed their relations to market area and the urban structure.
The results of analysis are summarized as follows:
(1) The ready mixed concrete industry is typical distributional manufacturing industry which is combined with manufacturing and transportation. It has rapidly developed through the financial support of the cement industry, and the entry of builders and gravel dealers.
(2) Though the demand percentage of ready mixed concrete in Tohoku, in railroad such as SHINKANSEN construction is higher than other districts, the demand percentage of buildings and the public works of cities occupied the highest position. And ready mixed concrete factories were mostly located in the market areas and the urban vicinity.
(3) In Akita, Yamagata and Fukushima where there are main cities in Tohoku, the ready mixed concrete factories are scattered near the national routes around the urban areas. But in Sendai which is the largest in this district, many of them are located in the specific section.
(4) Since the demand of ready mixed concrete is high mostly in the urban area, its supply areas should be regarded as urban regions. And the supply areas of ready mixed concrete also show the degree of urbanization. In this point, it is different from zone of commuting and trade areas of urban regions. For example in Miyagi Prefecture, the supply area of Sendai is the largest and this indicates the intensity of urbanization of Sendai.
(5) The consuming area in Sendai is divided into three zones. Zone I is similar to the central zone where the tall buildings have been constructing. Zone III is similar to the suburbs where the urban area has been expanded. And the flow of the ready mixed concrete shows the degree of urbanization in the city and the relation to the urban structure.
(6) From these analyses, the distribution patterns of cement in Sendai were changed from “distribution from station pattern” in the past to “redistribution from port pattern” now.

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Those Japanese Cities which have undergone rapid development since World War II have experienced a lateral expansion brought about by the decentralization of population, urban functions, factories, etc. At the same time, however, the so-called CBD functions, which require good accessibility from all parts of the city and locational proximity to related functions, have become increasingly concentrated within the CBD. What remains unclear, however, is whether or not this process of concentration has led to a lateral expansion of the CBD itself.
In this article we examine the pattern of development of the Sendai CBD using the concept of “standard distance”. The standard distance is a measure of the dispersion of points on the X-Y coordinates which corresponds to the “standard deviation” on the X ordinate. If the standard distance associated with establishments engaged in CBD functions has increased over time, then it can be said that the CBD has expanded laterally.
The following establishments were chosen to represent CBD functions: The head offices or Sendai branches of banks and insurance companies; the head offices or Sendai offices of manufacturing companies, wholesaling companies, and construction companies whose securities are listed on the Tokyo Securities Market; and national and local administration offices.
The study area (Fig. 1) was defined rather broadly to ensure that any lateral expansion of the CBD that had taken place could be detected. The distributions of banking establishments in 1955, 1965 and 1975 are shown in Fig. 2, those of the offices of manufacturing companies in Fig. 3, those of administration offices in Fig. 4, and those of all six functions considered together in Fig. 5. The standard distances associated with each function are shown in Table 1.
The results are summarized as follows:
1) The standard distances for banks and insurance establishments increased from 1955 to 1975, but those for the offices of manufacturing companies, wholesaling companies and construction companies and for administration offices either remained constant or decreased over the same period. 2) The standard distances for the six functions considered together decreased slightly from 1955 to 1975, from which we can conclude that the Sendai CBD did not expand laterally over this period.

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The Hinagu fault running nearly from NNE to SSW can be traced more than 40km long from Tanoura through Hinagu and Yatsushiro to the north of Mifune. The fault cut diagonally to the Usuki-Yatsushiro Tectonic Line which is westernmost continuation of Median Tectonic Line. At the southern part of the fault, the fault divides Kyushu mountains to the east and Yatsushiro plain to the west. The fault runs through the river terraces and the depositional surface of Aso pyroclastic flow, at the northern part of the fault.
Recent activity of Hinagu fault is mainly characterized by right lateral movement and the horizontal displacement along the fault trace amounts 106 meters in maximum. The average rate of the horizontal displacement is estimated at 0.8 meters per 1, 000 years, judging from the 12 meters offset valley dissecting the Middle fan formed at about 15, 000 years ago. At the southern part of the trace, the Middle and Lower fans are vertically displaced by the fault. At the northern part of the fault, the fault trace arranges en echelon and displaces the depositional surface of Aso pyroclastic flow and the Lower river terraces, vertically. The average rate of vertical displacement is estimated at 0.5-0.7 meters per 1, 000 years.
In Central Kyushu, the crustal movement with the directions of NNE-SSW and NE-SW is typically recognized at the Hinagu fault and Shigi trough which located at the northwest Amakusa Islands (CHIDA, 1976). The activity of recent right lateral faulting along the Hinagu fault agree with the formation of Shigi trough, in age. This agreement is considered as the activity of Ryukyu arc corresponded to the change of stress states during Late Quaternary period.

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