There are isolated villages in different parts of Tohoku such as the mountain villages in the Echigo and Ôu Mountains, or remote seaside villages, and also islands hard to access. Such isolated villages developed a culture and ways of life different from the villages in the plain. People are living in special circumstances in a traditional community, where the number of households and population have changed little.
Sudden changes, however, appear as soon as some means of access to modern transportation are available. In Nakatsugawa, Yamagata prefecture, villagers had been engaged in making horsehair works, wooden articles and sedge hats for their living. They switched to the production of charcoal. In Miomote, Niigata prefecture, where people had dealt with furs and lumber, they started to sell edible osmunds and chestnuts from the mountains. Although there happened a sudden change in their modernized ways of life, if carefully inspected, some of the old ways of living would be found indicating the prototype.

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The basic conditions of barge transport locations are mainly related to the properties of the ports as well as the structures of enterprises in the hinterlands. Commercial ports are more dependent on barge transport than industrial ports. The main role of barge transport in commercial ports is to carry the bulky raw materials to the industrial areas along the coast.
The characteristics of barge transport in Tokyo Port are summarized as follows: 1) The barge transport which handles about 53% in volume of cargo is one of the important functions of the inland sea traffic; 2) The nature of barge transport is closely combined with the regional and economic structure of hinterland and coastal regions, and this is easily recognized when a industrial area consists of small and medium enterprises; 3) With the recent development of industries in the inland sea area, the role of barge transport has changed from handling at the berth to the transport between industrial areas along the coast, and has expanded to traffic areas; 4) Main freights carried by barges are oil and metals.

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The nature of the topography of the Misawa Area to the east of Lake Ogawara, Aomori Prefecture may be generalized as follows :
1) The surface is classified into Furumaki Terrace and Misawa Terrace. The discussion in this paper is focused on Misawa Terrace.
2) Misawa Terrace is subdivided into three levels; namely, the upper (25-45 m a. s. l. ), the middle (20-30 m), and the lower (5-25 m), each extending north to south. The underlying materials of each level evidence their marine origin. The terraces are covered by the volcanic materials after their emergence. Lithofacies and the thickness of marine sediments suggest that these three levels were formed during a regression probably in a later stage of the Riss-Wiirm interglacial period.
3) The heights of the surfaces indicate that the upper and the middle levels were upwarped in the central part of this area, while the lower level was tilted northwards. Such earth movements is also reflected on the asymmetrical development of the river terraces along the lower Oirase.

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The Ojika Peninsula is situated in the southernmost part of the Sanriku Rias Coast and it embraces the Sendai Bay. In this peninsula, four terraces are distributed; 90-75 in, 60-40 m, 20 m, and 10-8 m high above sea-level respectively. They are underlain with thin layers of gravels composed of spheritic and rounded gravels, but at some places the terraces are defficient of such gravels. The most part of the terraces are dissected into hilly land. At a higher level, flat-topped surfaces are recognized in the whole area; these are correlated with the erosion surfaces distributed in the Kitakami Mountains.
Before the coastal terraces were formed, this peninsula had been exposed to subaerial processes for such a long time that the erosion surfaces were formed, many subsequent valleys are cut, producing the initial form of the present Rias coast. Due to the successive uplifts of the land after such a sequence, the above-mentioned four terraces were formed.
Wave action eroded the most part of the lowest terrace and the mouths of the waste-filled valley.

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The center of apple production in Yokote Basin is in Hiraka-cho and Masuda-cho, where the scattered apple orchards are distributed on hilly lands.
The author tries to make clear how the cooperative system influenced the farm-management or the cultivation technique in the apple growing areas in Yokote Basin, especially Hiraka-cho.
The apple growing started about 80 years ago, and has considerably developed since all over the area. However, many measures must be devised concerning the farm-ecomony in response to the rise of the productivity within the last decade.
Hiraka fruit cooperative association (established in 1948) worked effectively to promote the devices. The influence of the cooperative system upon apple culture may be summarized as follows: (1) The establishment of the cooperative association for spraying saved the labour, and replaced the old method of covering the fruits with bags. Switches to new varieties like Delicious and Star King are observed at Kinrokuen in this Daigo area. (2) The cooperative grading of products is playing an important role in the shipping of products to local or central market. After the establishment of this organization, the shipment through fruit dealers or fruit wholesalers became less important. But, large-scale farmers send their products directly to market, a best example of such is observed in Haginome Village.
In spite of the effect of cooperative system, however, there are great differences in farm-management between fulltime larger-scale growers and part-time apple growers.

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The changes in fishing villages are discussed taking Fujitsuka-hama as an exmaple. 1) Until about 1930, Fujitsuka-hama was a purely fishing village. All the working members of the families were engaged in fishery, and the women worked as fish peddlers, called isaba.
2) Since the early 1930s, the fishery in the village has declined rapidly due to the decrease of catch. As a result, the men were compelled to emigrate as fishery laborers employed by large companies. The women remained in the village keeping their job as isaba, but this also is organized as retailers under wholesale dealers.
3) Some of the villagers purchased farm land in other villages with the money saved from the income by fishery. This resulted in the growth of a class distinction (oyake and koyake), which is usually found in farm villages.
4) In accordance with the development of capitalistic economy, Fujitsuka-hama also is undergoing a change-more and more people leave the village for good to work in modern industrial cities instead of the temporary migration as the fishermen of seasonal employment. Fujitsuka-hama has lost its character as fishing village and changed into a labor supply area for industrial cities. For instance, the fish peddlers also tend to emigrate as workers in neighboring towns and cities.
5) The traditional concept of a “family” which has long been untouched in the villagers' life is also undergoing a change.

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At 13^h02^m, June 16, 1964, a severe earthquake occurred with its epicenter near Awa, Island, 70km to NE of Niigata City. Damages were caused by the earthquake in Niigata and Yamagata Prefectures. Especially, in Niigata City, the damages were severe. Large amount of sand and water jetted out from silt and sand layers about -3--9 m from the surface and as its result many concrete buildings were slanted in various degrees. Tsunami raided into the area near the mouth of the Shinano, so that many houses and factories were flooded and areas near the river course were inundated. Some agricultural land and rural settlements were destroyed. But the damages were limited in old river courses and reclaimed lands of back marshes.

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A small net-patterned ground was found on the bare ridge 1, 200 m to the southwest of Mt. Akahani, Bantai volcano (Photo. 1). The diameter of the net is 10 cm and that of the largest stone is 3 cm. The pattern develops on the scoria ground and its depth is 5 cm and beneath is no more the characteristics of the pattern.
A small stripe-patterned ground was found on the ridge at the south of Mt. Kamuro on the western rim of the Onikobe basin (Photo, 2). The width of the stripe is 30 cm and it consists of angular schist fragments whose diameter is under 3 col. The underground level is also flat. Furthermore, there are plant-covered stripes near the growing stripe.

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In a depression named Numano-taira, 1, 380m above the sea-level, situated in Mt Bantai, one can see earth hummocks in its floor, stone-stripe-like linear banks and turf-banked benches on the side slope, 4° in maximum angle, surrounding its floor.
The structure of linear bank (Fig.) does not show the properties of true stone stripe; the distribution of breccia at the intermediate part between such linear banks (Photo.) exhibits the characteristics of typical polygon.

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Two types of dissecting valleys are recognized in the Kakuda Hills, in southern Miyagi Prefecture, 390-120 m high and declining northward. One of the types is the upper-level valley above the knickpoints, with a wide floor and gentle gradient, surrounded by rolling surfaces. Another type is the lower-level valley below the knickpoints, which is V-shaped, and this level is the present level of erosion by the Abukuma River. Dissection of the hills is now influenced by these two different levels of erosion.

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Parts of karst subterranean rivers sometimes survive as tunnels, when the former subterranean channels are destructed at two places making surface streams above and below. Such karst-tunnels in Taishakukyo, Hiroshima Pref. and in Kienshui, Yunnan, arc described.

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The horizontal air temperature profile of Lake Inawashiro, Fukushima Prefecture, was observed on July 7th, 1963, a sunny summer day. A high temperature area was found over the center of the lake (Fig. 2) when lake breezes developed. The development of this high temperature area is explained by the subsidence of relatively warm air from the higher levels, probably caused in part by the development of a small anticyclonic wind system and in part by vertical air circulation over the lake. The air is cooled as it advances shoreward over the lake surface, producing the air temperature profile over the land shown in Figure 3.

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In the Yokote basin, Akita Prefecture, there are two different ways of drying rice bundles after harvest. In the south, the kui type prevails, in which the bundles are stacked on single stake driven into the ground. The hase type, which predominates in the north, is a framework constructed of many stakes. The boundary between the two types runs east-west approximately through the center of the basin. The factors involved in the distribution of these two types are considered.

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Population densities are generally highest in the central parts of urban areas and decrease gradually towards surrounding areas. This proposition by Colin Clark is applicable to some cities but not always. In Sendai, a lower density is observed in the central part. Higher densities are found in areas somewhat apart from the center. This is due to the existence of the CBD in the middle of the city.

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Many geographers have been interested in the study of the areas of postwar reclamation. The subject has been changed in accordance with the development of the farming in such areas.
In the first stage, from 1945 to 1948, the studies were mainly focused on methodology, the distribution of the newly-cultivated areas, and the role of geography. In the second stage, from 1949 to 1955, the studies were characterized by case studies of newly-cultivated areas, and a new tendency appeared aiming to show the farming types and the division of such areas. A symposium was organized by the Association of Japanese Geographers in 1955, and papers were contributed relating to physical conditions of newly-cultivated areas, the relation between pioneers and landownership, agricultural forms, and effects of clearing. Since then, the studies of the individual areas were inspired, and at the same time more extensive regions, embracing many newly-cultivated areas, came into the subject. This trend may suggest the possibility of classification of the areas into types with differentiated characters, based on the elements influencing the farming.
Since 1958, cultivation by mechanical power was put into operation, and the study of pilot-farms and the study of farming types became the subjects of the geographical study of newly-reclaimed areas.

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