Statistical data of industrial occupations show that the cities of Tohoku are dominantly the centers of areas with primary industries.
1) The writer applied the method of statistical evaluation modified from H. Hoyt's formula in basic-nonbasic concepts. Tertiary industry branches and regional government are their dominant functions which exceed the equational level of self-sufficiency.
2) This fact means the essentially homogeneous function of most cities and consequently suggests a formation like isolated urban society by J. Webb. But the nature is different from Webb's in its basis, that is, their centrality is a result of the functional differentiation with the integration to manufacturing cities in Central Japan.
3) These features in Tohoku are shown typically in the northern half, north of central part of Yamagata Prefecture and of southern fringe of Miyagi Prefecture.
4) The hierarchical differentiation of city size is everywhere clear as to the unit of local areas. There are four major types of class formation according to the regional conditions of industry or population density. But there is no evident synthesized hierarchy (as a synthesized one of their heterogenious types) in Tohoku as a whole.

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Head offices of various companies perform pivotal functions over the economic activities at large by controlling local business offices and factores. Companies having their head offices in local cities have in many cases their branch offices in Tokyo, so that they could maintain a close relationship with the prime functions of this great metropolis.
All of these head offices and branch offices located in Tokyo are closely interconnected with central banks, large concerns, or government offices. This has been a significant factor for concentrating a great many high-order managerial functions in Tokyo, thus forming the business center in the Marunouchi area and its vicinity.

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The objects of this short paper is to explain the increase of commuters to Sendai from its surrounding area, and development of the commuting area around Sendai. For this research, the volumes on “Usual Place of Residence and Place of Work or Location of School” included in 1930 and 1960 Population Census of Japan, are mainly used. At the same time, the writer noted the increase of working population, the changing proporition of the primary, the secondary and the tertiary industries, and increased number of students of non-compulsory schools in Sendai and its surrounding area. It is because the increase of commuters is backed by such a socioeconomic development, together with geographical conditions in and around the central cities.
Number of commuters to Sendai from its surrounding area reached 29, 665 in 1960 (3.304 in 1930). In accordance with the remarkable increase of the commuters, their distribution range extended very much (figure 1). That is, the wide area around Commuting Area of 1930 from which only a small number of people commuted to Sendai at that time, has since developed as a new commuting area around Sendai.
We can see a close relationship between areal pattern of Commuting Area both in 1930 and 1960, and that of railways being radiated around Sendai station. We also notice some relationship in the pattern of main bus routes around Sendai with the areal extension, specially in terms of Commuting Area of 1960 (figure 2).

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In this paper the writer explains some characteristics of service areas in Aizu Basin, situated in the central inland of Fukushima Prefecture. The research was carried out by means of questionaries which were distributed to the junior highschool students. As the results of analysis of 831 questionaries recovered, the following three were pointed out.
1) The commodities or services are classified into three types : a) the commodities having small service area and depending on the six centers, b) the commodities having large area and depending on two centers, c) the commodities having intermediate nature of the two types stated-above and having the four centers.
2) The constitution of shops in the centers is not so different among them and has close relations to the size of their service areas. Thus, we can recognize the three kinds of service areas in Aizu Basin.
3) According to the dividing criteria of hierarchy by H.E. Bracey, the two center cities, Aizu-Wakamatsu and Kitakata, are classified to the higher class than other four centers.

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The main factors which make farmers take part-time works can be found both on the side of the farmers themsleves and in the influence of the circumstances to which they belong. The factor which farmers have in themselves is the amount of their income from the farming, and is regionally different. And the other factor is in profitableness of going into other industry.
According to these factors, we can see following regional differences of the part-time works of the farmers ;
1 Farmers in the shore of Matsushima bay pursue fishery as their side works.
2 Farmers in the western hill pursue forestry or are engaged in daily employment.
3 Farmers in the suburbs or in the local towns pursue full-time work.
4 The rate of part-time works is low in the rice field districts.
5 Farmers in the district conveniently situated to the labor market seek daily employment but the rate of the part-time work is low.
The recent development of the labor market in the city has gradually changed the farmers from engaging in farming only, or pursuing forestry or fishing Many of them look for daily employment or full-time works in large cities, while some of them keeps the tendency engage in farming only.

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The meander bends in the alluvial lowlands of the Kitakami, the Oirase, the Gonohe and the Shichinohe Rivers were observed and experiments were made on the work of flowing water using a model flume.
Typical and changeful meander bends appear in the transitional part from alluvial fan to delta In that part flood plains are located between meander scars or between the meander scar and the river channel. The first is point bars changing seasonally, the second is flood plain higher than the point bar transformed only by the high submerged in extraordinarily high water
There are spindle-shaped mounds on the flood plain and point bar, and the form of the mounds are more complicated downstream. The changes are associated with the changes of the meander channels nearby. The upper ends of most meander bends are higher than the lower ends and the outer, sides are higher than inner sides. This lower end functions to discharge overflowing water from inner part. From the result of experiments and observation, it is concluded that these topographies are the products of high water in flood.

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The author studied the river terraces and the gentle slopes along the Yoshida River which has its source in the Ou mountain range, and runs through the Yoshida Lowland situated in the northern part of Miyagi Prefecture. The following results are obtained.
1) Geomorphological surfaces along the river and in the hill-land to the north of the river are subdidived, from the upper to the lower, into Yoshioka I and Yoshikoka II Surfaces, Warimae, Yoshida and Omori Surfaces, and the Alluvial Plain.
2) Yoshioka Terrace by R. Tayama (1933) is subdivided into two, namely, Yoshioka I and Yoshioka II Surfaces. Yoshioka I Surface is an erosion surface and contemporaneous with the river terrace Yoshioka II Surface in its formation.
3) Yoshida Terrace by R. Tayama (1933) comprises the river terrace Yoshida Surface and a gentle erosion surface Warimae Surface along valley sides. At the time of the formation of the Warimae Surface, shallow valleys developed at the heads of the tributaries in the hill.
4) The characteristics of Omori Surface is similar to that of Warimae and is limited in a certain part of the hill in its distribution. Yoshida Surface does not exist in the part. From such a fact, concerning the nature of Alluvial Plain deposits and the characteristics of the morphology of the hill top, the author concludes that the tectonic line through the Niibori valley is efficient to the development of Surfaces. He calls the line the Omatsuzawa Tectonic Line.
5) Gentle slope Warimae Surface and shallow valleys are formed after the red weathering of the hill rocks, at the time of low sea level. Granted that the red weathering happened during a warmer stage, the surface must have been formed in a glacial stage.
The development of the surface is dependent on the direction of valley, so he thinks that tectonic as well as climatic effects were influential on its formation, though he can't differentiate the two.
Geological structure of the hill influenced the profile of the gentle slopes, namely, some profiles have knicks and others do not.

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The municipal assembly of Nagaoka, Niigata Prefecture, has raised a slogan “Freedom from the Snow” in Sept. 1963. It was asserted that heavy snow fall is not one of the most unfavourable physical environments but is a disaster to urban life. Such a thought is very significant.
At Nagaoka City a simple device to melt snow by means of ground water, was arranged on the road in 1961, with result the traffics within the city have been secured even in winter.

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Figure shows the natural shoreline in the first half of the 18th century, which was formed mainly with natural levees and enbayments. The landscape of the shore would be a rush field intersected by a network of creeks This shoreline was restored on a topographical map on a scale of 1:3000, based on the distribution of soils and some old maps of neighboring villages. It is cleared in this map that after this time the shoreline retreated by artificial drainage works at outlet of the Lake.

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The lower terrace named Hiyoshi-cho Terrace of the eastern part of Hakodate City has three facies sediments. The lower horizon consists of sand and gravels, the middle horizon of clay and silt, the upper horizon sand and gravels respectively. According to the studies of diatoms, the middle horizon was sedimented under marine environment and the upper hirozon was deposited in fresh water. This lower terrace may be correlated with the Shimosueyoshi formation of Kanto Plain.

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Concerning the distribution of the air temperature in summer in Miyagi prefecture, the author found many exmaples of the pattern as is shown in the Figure, with lower temperature in the coastal region. And the temperature gradient form the coast toward the inland was investigated in relation to the diurnal changes. The author observed diurnal variation of air temperature at several places in summer 1964. In the coastal region, the air temperature first rises by a few degrees, then remains constant after the breeze begins to blow. This temperature continues as long as the sea breeze blows. Therefore, the air temperature becomes higher according to the distance from the coast, because the sea breeze is later to advance toward inland.
Thus, the gradient twoards inland mentioned above can be understood from the view-point of the regional difference of diurnal variation of the air temperature.

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