It has been proved that the urban atmosphere affects solar radiation. The turbidity factor of Hausner-Dubor (τ_O) is obtained through reducing Linke's turbidity factor (τ_G) to mean sea level. τ_O is much exacter in comparing turbidities at many places. The aim of this study is to assess annual and secular changes in the atmospheric turbidity all over Japan by using the data of τ_O's monthly avarages, with the number of observations taken into account, made at 12 places in Japan (Fig. 1) from 1960 to 1982.
Annual changes are mainly divided into two patterns. In the first, τ_O rises to the maximum in June or July, and declines symmetrically. In the second, it reaches the maximum at the same time, but drops suddenly in the autumn (Fig. 2).
Atmospheric turbidity has a characteristic pattern of annual variation. It is low in the winter (Dec. -Feb.) and increases in the spring (Mar. -May). It is high in the summer (Jun. -Aug.) and decreases gradually or suddenly in the autumn (Sep. -Nov.).
Normallly secular changes of τ_O are lager at 15:00 than those at 9:00. In the late 1960's, we find peaks occurring all over Japan, but in the late 1970's and 1980's, peaks or rising trends appear at different places (Figs. 3, 4).
Since secular changes differ from one place to another, and the number of observation places is limited it is difficult to assess the τ_O secular trend for the whole of Japan.

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It is said that tree ring is influenced by the environmental conditions around the tree. However, growth of tree looks to be not restricted by climatological elements in south western part of Japan. In this paper, tree ring analysis was tried to investigate the relationship between the tree rings and the climatological elements. This work occupies a part of report which continued from previous paper (Takechi, 1983).
The results are as follows:
1) There is common feature of valleys in the curve of the tree ring index among five points. Accordingly, it is inferred that there is a restricting factor which affects over the wide area. Moreover it will be supposed that we can use those characteristics of index as key year for crossdating.
2) Generally speaking, we can find the positive correlation between the tree rings and the temperatures of dormant stage and closing stage of the growing season. In detail, we can point out that index of tree ring in every points do not always show the same correlation with the temperatures of dormant stage and closing stage of growing season, but they show different correlation with stages of growing season or the climatological element like temperature. Furthermore, we suppose that there is a valley of curve of the tree ring index which is not controlled by climatological elements.
3) Tree ring width looks to do not show distinct correlation with precipitation, and therefore it will be presumed that tree ring width is not influenced by precipitation.

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While the vertical differentiation of urban functions has advanced in Japanese cities since the 1960's, the underground has been utilized as new space for retailing, parking, and public street. The underground shopping space connected with the basement of high-rise buildings has been constructed in such large cities as Tokyo, Osaka, Nagoya, and Yokohama. The purpose of this study is to analyse characteristics of the underground space use in front of Yokohama Station from the horizontal viewpoint.
The result of this study is summarized as follows:
(1) The underground space is located both in the west and east of Yokohama Station. The western area consists of an underground shopping space and the basement of thirteen high-rise buildings, and an underground shopping space and a high-rise building's basement constitute the eastern area.
(2) The underground space, constructed through the municipal urban planning and managed by management companies, is tenanted by many specialty shops.
(3) The underground space is relatively differentiated by the type of bussines (Figure 6). For example, shops dealing with clothes are located along the main streets, and restaurants tend to occupy the edge of the underground space.
(4) The flow of pedestrian has two types in the underground space. One is radial and the other is circular. The underground space in the western area has both types, while that in the eastern area has radial. The flow of pedestrian is influenced by the arrangement of underground facilities and by the location of railroad stations and bus terminals.
(5) At Yokohama Station, the underground space is regarded as new space for retailing in urban functions.

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In this paper, the author made clear the transition and distribution of green land space in Edogawa Ward, Tokyo Metropolis. Green land means the earth surface mostly is covered with vegetation. The results of this study are summarized as follows:
1) The productive green land of Edogawa Ward was once all consisted of rice field. However, its north western part faced urbanization, and rice fields in the east and south turned into dry vegetable fields of suburban agriculture.
2) The park green land was set up from the areas near the oldest built-up areas and along main roads.
The park green land is distributed at the following areas:
a) on areas featured by water;
b) at the sites of large-scale apartment houses;
c) in areas recently transformed by land readjustment.
3) There are two types of process in which green land space changes into non-green land space:
a) gradual loss of green land because of urban sprawls;
b) instantaneous transformation as a result of land readjustment. But park green land is created by planning.

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More than 500 sheets of 15′×10′ quadangle 1:50, 000 landform classification map have been published in this three decades by the Economic Planning Agency (1956-74) and by the Prefectures (1971-, under the coordination by the National Land Agency), which come to cover about half of the whole national land area. Although 1/50, 000 scale landform classification map is convenient for rapid illustration of extentive area, it is not always appropriate to describe the fine-textured topography of mountains and hills in humid region as Japan.
Both aspects of large scale “detailed map” and of small scale “general view map” are required practically for the medium scale landform classification map. On every 1/50, 000 landform classification map, the 1st order boundary line has been drawn between the mountains or hills and the terraces or lowlands, and the 2nd order boundary line between the areas subdivided by relief class within the mountains and hills. The 3rd order topographic elements such as landslide area are represented by additional symbols or plan forms. The regions defined by relief (the current method) requires too broad boundary line, and the boundary to describe the inclination classes in the hillslopes (the alternative plan recently represented in some sheets) requires too intricated line on a 1/50, 000 map.
Careful investigation of various morphomentric paramenters using different-size grids concludes that the combination of relief value and valley frequency value in 40×40 grids of 15′×10′ quadangle or the product of the two values explains the details of the topographic characteristics of the mountain and hills in practical use. The relief in 40×40 grid shows the gradient of a small part of hills or of mountains and the valley frequency value represents the degree of roughness or smoothness of the land.

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