1. Tomeihan District here means the district which extends along the Tokaido Line and contains Keihin, Chukyo and Keihanshin metropolitan regions.
2. Population concentration ratio (P. C. R.) is defined as the percentage of the social change of population to the total population in a given area.
3. The distribution of the P. C. R. in Tomeihan District denotes that:
(a) The P. C. R. in the areas containing the civic centers of Tôkyo, Yokohama, Nagoya, Kyôto, Osaka, and Kôbe are minus as the results of the decentralization of population and the ratios are higher in proportion to the scale of the cities.
(b) the statistical number of population in the surroundings of the civic centers abovevand in the cities of the remote areas from large cities are plus, but if the social increase is taken into consideration, they denote minus as there are out-migrations from these cities.
(c) the P. C. R. in the outer fringes of the built-up areas of Keihin, Nagoya and Osaka are very high with the concentration of population from the inner areas of every city and from all over the country.
4. The increase rate of population in Tôkyo region is the highest compared with those of Osaka and Nagoya and the concentrated population in Tôkyo region permeates not only into the Densely Inhabited Districts (D. I. D. s), but also into the areas outside the D. I. D. s.
5. In Tôkyo region, there are extensive uplands which are convenient for the recent housing development and the industrialization as Musashino, Shimôsa, Omiya, etc. On the contrary, there are not such extensive uplands in Osaka region and there extend low paddy fields in the surroundings of the builtup areas of Osaka. These differences in the topographical conditions influence the recent urbanization of every region.
6. With the data concerning the commuters, the author calculated the out-commuters ratio and the in-commuters ratio by ski, cho, son. The region where housing developments have been recently rapid, the out-commuters ratios are higher and inversely in the region where the industrialization has been rapid, the in-commuter ratios are higher. By the distribution of these ratios, the differences of urbanization in the fringing areas of the metropolitan regions can be known.

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This is a report on several results of the analyses of the scales classified by the number of employee and the areal relation between main firms and their branches, in six cities considered as regional centers-Sapporo, Sendai, Niigata, Nagoya, Hiroshima and Fukuoka.
The numbers of all enterprises are compared with the populations of cities. Those of the non-basic enterprises are in direct proportion to the populations of cities. However, those of the basic ones are different by industry and by city, and the difference shows the character of each city.
In the six cities above referred, the enterprises with 10-29 employees are the most numerous. But the maxima appear in different scales according to the kind of industry, namely, in wholesale industry 5-9 employees, in construction and manufacturing ones 10-29 or 30-99, and in retail industry 1-4, 5-9 and 10-29, and in service one 1-4 and 10-29.
Then, the author deals with the relation between main firms in the cities and the locations of their branches. And he expects from the work to delimit the essential city region defined by the economic power of the city itself. As the result, the extent of the region is defferent by the kind of industry. That is, in wholesale and retail industries and in manufacturing one the areal extent is larger, in construction one the extent covers an area including several prefectures, while in service, in finance and insurance, in mining, in traffic and communication, as well as in real estate industry it is about so large as one prefecture.
As the results of the two analyses, Nagoya seemingly belongs to an upper rank concerning some kinds of industries, Sapporo, Fukuoka, Hiroshima and Sendai have similar characters and are on the same rank as regional centers, and Niigata being a prefectural center belongs to a lower center.

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Dairying has the most complex structure of production among many branches of agricultural production, that is, the processes from milk production to consumption are differentiated into many technical phases. When there exists the relation of functional control among each phase, it is natural that farmer's dairy farming is subject to the influence of controller in charge of processing phase. Then, the author analyzed the forming process of dairy regions in Tokachi Plains not only from the view point of changes in agriculture, but also from functional relation between the farmers and milk processing companies.
Dairy regions in Tokachi Plains were effectively formed by the subsidy policy such as the “Takusyoku Plan” as a development project in Hokkaido in days prior to World War II. In days after World War II, dairy production in these regions has experienced a remarkable increase. This expansion is indicated by the increase of many indices of dairy production. In 1967 the number of dairy cows reached 74, 314 heads, which was 11.3 times as many as 7, 577 in 1950, and the number of dairy farmer was 2.3 times as many as 3, 776 in 1950, increased 8, 763 farms (that is, the number of milch cows per one farm increased from 2.0 to 8.5), and also the volume of dairy production expanded to 145, 169 tons, was 13.5 times as much as 10, 700 tons in 1950.
In the process of remarkable expansion in postwar days, dairy regions were differentiated into two producing areas. In the peripherial part of Tokachi Plains, many farmers keep dairy cows and the number of dairy cows per farm is relatively large, and the foundation of farm economy is laid on milch cows keeping, beans and sugar beet culture. In contrast with this, in the central part of Tokachi Plains, bean culture and sugar beet culture are dominant, the emphasis of farming is laid on bean culture with subsidiary milch cows keeping on smaller scale.

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What are the project of improvement of agricultural structures based on rice crop in Saitama Prefecture ? The main results came out of the project are as follows (so far as we consider them in the light of an administrative policy re-forming those areas):
(1) Tney have given rise to the outflow of surplus labor.
(2) They have somehow lowered land-productivity, but have generally enhanced laborproductivity.
(3) The surplus labor has fled into non-agricultural works rather than into the work for the development of agriculture.
(4) They have improved farmer's encomomy by means of securing agricultural income as well as enhancing income from their side-jobs.
(5) Perhaps, these projects will not so much incur regional development of agriculture and encouragment of full-time farmers, as the differentiation of agricultural management in classes (or scales) and the disintegration of farmers themselves. Seen from the consequence, the improvement projects worked to develop suburban agriculture and to encourage part-time farmers, and countermeasures are considered to be in urgent need.
The effects of these undertakings on the areas concerned are as follows:
(1) In areas, where more crops for immediate sale or commerical crops are raised, the surplus labor has not flown out.
(2) In areas where rice farmers increased in number, the surplus labor has flown out.
(3) In areas where various sorts of crops are raised in the same way as before, the surplus labor has flown out.
The factors stipluating the re-formation of these agricultural areas are as follows:
(1) a mode of the use of land (a paddy field or a field artificially irrigated)
(2) a historical condition (especially the period and contents of agricultural class differentiation)
(3) a status quo of captial equipments (especially the spread of cultivators)
(4) a regional condition (that of urbanization and traffic)

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There are many studies on the geographical distribution of heavy rainfalls in Japan. In spite of the difference of definitions of heavy rainfall, the results well coincide that the areas where the occurrence is the most frequent are the coastal regions of Fukushima and Iwate Prefectures.
The author reexamined the same problem using the data of recent ten years and obtained results as follows:
1) The concentrated heavy rainfalls apt to escape from the older observation network (Fig. 2).
2) The areas where the occurrence is the most frequent in Tohoku District are found in areas on the Japan Sea side (Fig. 3).
3) The areas, above 50% of the maximum rainfall amount are integrated to find the extent of heavy rainfall (Fig. 4).
4) The heavy rainfall in areas on the Japan Sea side has a tendency of concentrated precipitation pattern and in the coastal region on the Pacific Ocean side has a tendency of precipitation pattern elongated along the coast.

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The surface forms of hill land such as the Nanakita Hills in the north of Sendai and the Aobayama Hills in the west, and recently the Tomiya Hills further to the north have been under the process of transformation by human activity mainly on the purpose to make residential areas. In this paper the author tried to investigate the changes from initial hill surfaces to transformed ones, concerning drainage patterns, reliefs and so on.
Needless to say, the ridges of hills were cut and valleys were filled in the areas (Fig. 5). The surface drainage in the former surfaces either vanished or were simplified. The relief of initial hills were, in general, lessened. However there are some varieties in changes of reliefs, i. e. strong in the Nanakita Hills, especially in the eastern part, and weak in the Aobayama Hills (Table). Such variations may be connection with the extents of individual constructed areas. An area of vast extent the outline of initial reliefs is not to be observed clearly, while in an area of small extent, the initial reliefs are better preserved because the range of earth mass removed is limited in such an area.
When there are several housing projects, neighboring one another, there are discontinuities of surface forms among them. Such discontinuities are the results of different sizes of the projects, differences in initial forms, and changes in the engineering techniques.

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The mountains of Korea have steep slopes at the tops and gentle slopes at the foot. And block streams are seen. The writers think that the block stream has been formed by the mechanical weathering in winter-time and washed away by the torrential rainfall in summer.

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The author was a member of the 10th Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition (1968-1970). He observed the subglacial topography of the Prince Olav Coast and the traverse route to the Yamato Mountains in Antarctica by the radio echo sounder of S. P. R. I. This was the first success on the radio echo sounding by the Japanese Antarctic Research Expedition.
Photo 1. Recording taken at Flag No. 40 (69°04. 7´S, 41°07.2´E) showing bottom echo through approximately 1040 m ice thickness.
Photo 2. Continuous recording taken between Flag No. 68 (69°06.2´S, 42°23.2´E) to Flag No. 69 (69°06.4´S, 42°26.1´E) from right to left showing the relief under continental ice sheet. The topography between Flag No. 68 to Flag No. 69 is very flat and the altitude is approximately 1350 m a. s. l., while the ice thickness changes from 1200 m (right) to 1350 (left).

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Auf einer Terrasse der Jobanküste kann man einige typische Beispiele der Terra-ssenzerlegung beobachten. Die Oberflächenformen der Terrasse sind durch die Muldentäler in flach-wellige Formen, und durch zahlreiche Kerbtäler in viele kleine Flächenabschnitte umgewandelt. Überdies und diese Flächen noch durch Sohlen-kerbtäler verkleinert.
Meistens sind die Sohlen-kerbtäler naturgemäß den Muldentälern nachgefolgt, weil das Wasser auf dem muldenförmigen Talboden eine verstärkte Einschneidungs fähigkeit bekommen konnte.
Eine solche Verteilung der verschiedenartigen Talformen ist durch eine eigenartige Verbindung verschiedener örtlicher Bedingungen verursacht.

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On the western slope of Mt. Jizô, the northernmost peak of Zaô Mountains, the maximum snow depth was seen at the height of about 1500 m above sea level on 19th March 1969, and the depth was lees both on the lower and higher slope (Fig. 1). The snow density decreased according to the altitude making a concave curve as Fig. 2. The distribution pattern of snow depth on 3rd April, about two weeks later, resembles that on 19th March (Fig. 1), but the snow depth was less in the lower slope and more in the upper.

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This new woodwork manufacturing area is located at Sakata and Oga cities on the coast of the Japan Sea in Tohoku and has been developed by Japanese government.
The woodowrk factories in this area in the program do not surpass those on the Pacific coast in their scale. But this fact is due to different degrees of emphasis placed by the government and difference in the length of history in these areas.

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