The western part of Chiba Prefecture, as called Katsunan area, to the east of Tokyo, has suffered land subsidence for ten years. Total amount of ground surface lowering ranges from 30cm to 150cm in various sites. Such a lowering is one of the main causes of landuse change in the lowland in this area.
The author tried to clarified the relationship between physical conditions of land, land sbsidence and change of landuse. The relationship between physical conditions and landuse is shown in Table 2.
Changepattern of landuse is related to several factors (Tables 4 and 5), and it is classified into 4 main types and some subtypes as follows:
Type A (A₁, A₂): Natural Landuse is changed only by land subsidence.
Type B (B₁, B₂): Mixed Landuse is changed by land subsidence and human impact.
Type C: Artificial Landuse is changed by prominent human impact and land subsidence.
Type D: Built-up area Built-up area formed before land subsidence, wihout landuse change.
Total depth of land subisdence decides grades of landuse change (paddy fields to stagnant water, paddy fields to reclaimed land by landfill etc.). Types of landuse change (natural, mixed or artificial etc.) are decided by other factors like distance from Tokyo or starting time of new housing area construction.

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Sea breeze observed at Yuge Island in Seto-uchi and at Matsunaga on Sanyo coast, has some characters as follows.
(a) Sea breeze changes its direction from east to west during the dyatime, and west component increases towards late afternoon.
(b) The change mentioned above is remarkable in summer.
(c) The strongest breeze in a day appears later in summer than in any other season.
(d) The time of breeze starting and the time of the strongest breeze appearance are considerably later at Matsunaga than at Yuge.
(e) The changing range of breeze direction at Matsunaga is not so wide as at Yuge. Sea breeze on the coast of Bisan-seta has following characters.
(a) The breeze direction has two main different components.
(b) During the daytime, the breeze direction changes and east component increases towards late afternoon.
Sea breeze is said to be generated because of the difference of air temperature between on sea and on land. But I think it is fundamentally caused by the sunshine and it may change its direction from east to west according to the movement of sun. Moreover it is influenced by the distribution of land and sea as well as by sun, and changes its direction and strength. Therefore the feature of sea breeze must be explained in connection with the land and sea distribution of each area.

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Many books and oral-traditions said that there were many wild big mammals in the eastern foot region of Zaô Volcano, and this area had been selected as a good hunting-ground of Snedai Clan till the 18th Century. Fig. 1 shows the distribution of territories of wild big mammals at 1885 from the data of Miyagi prefectural office, and Fig. 2 gives the distributed areas at 1973 from the data of the same source.
The differences of these two distributions are varied by the species of mammals. The most distinguished one is the extinction of deer (Cervus nippon) and wild boar (Sus scrofa), on the other hand, the boundary of bear (Selenarctos thibetasnus) and serow(Capricornis crispus) are scarcely varied though their decreased density. By the oral-traditions this extinction of the former two were not by the human attack on them, but due to deep snow-fall or an animal infection.
The distribution of wild dog around urban area and near resort area in 1973, is noticeable, because these groups of wild dog are harmful to other species of wild animal.
The survival of wild big mammals are conditioned deeply to the relief energy of land surface and the dominant vegetation of their territoties in this region (Tables 1 and 2), i. e. bear and monkey (Macaca fuscata) are connected with steep slope and broad-leaved forest, serow lives on cliff, but deer and wild boar live on low and flat land as mankind.

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In recent years Japan has seen a rapid expansion in floriculture, whose development is said to be an indicator of the cultural level of a nation. However, comparing the per capita outlay for flowers in 1970 with that of European nations Japanese paid only 649 yen, while the amount of West Germany and Norway, respectively, was more than 4, 000 yen. It means that they spend 6 to 8 times as much as in Japan. In Italy and England where the national income per capita is lower than that of Japan, they spend 2.9 and 1.4 times as much for flowers respectively. Despite the fact that at present the Japanese spends less than in the abovementioned countries, Japanese expenditure for flowers is on the increase accompanied by a quick progress in floriculture.
The expenditure for flowers by and average household in the national average in 1963, was 973 yen, and that in a city with the population of more than 50, 000 was 1, 183 yen. In 1970, however, it went up to 1, 926 yen and 2, 141 yen, respectively. For illustration, take the 1963 figures for 100. Then in 1970 you can have 198 for the former household and 181 for the latter. This is a cogent proof that Japan's flower outlay has been growing.
The main types of flowers for consumption are cut flowers and pot flowers. The 1972 total flower expenditure stood at 91, 200 million yen, out of which 76, 800 million (84.2%) went to cut flowers and 14, 400 million (14.5%) to pot flowers.
The chief kinds of cut flowers are chrysanthemums and carnations. They claim a 77 to 90 per cent share of the annual flower receipt by the seven major flower markets in Japan.
In the prewar days the flower demand flucutated depending on the seasons. After the war, reflecting the urbanization and westernization of the Japanese daily life, it has been growing greater and greater for both domestic and commercial uses, thus contributing to the steadiness of the flower demand throughout the year.
Tokyo ranks the first in the flower expenditure (29.1%) and Osaka second (8.8%). It will follow that the flower consumption is strongly tinged with urbanism. And the difference in the flower expenses between the national average, and in a city with the population more than 50, 000 reaches up to about 200 yen per year, which plainly shows that the flower consumption has a great deal to do with the urban way of living.
Of late, the flower outlay in medium and small towns as well as in villages is increasing so much as against those in big cities, that the local differences in the flower consumption are gradually narrowing.

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When one refers to 1/50, 000 topographical maps of Iwate Prefecture, the names of the settlements or localities seemingly related to Gôzoku (medieval village lords) habitations can mostly be found in the southern part.
Among those names, “Tate” appears most conspicuously occupying 73% of all cases, and then follow “Shiro”, “Yôgai”, “Horinouchi”, and “Minowa”, in order of percentage respectively. “Tate” is seen to distribute mainly in the southern part of Iwate Prefecture especially in the area between Senmaya and Mizusawa. “Shiro” also occupies 61% of all those found in Iwate Prefecture. As for “Yôgai” and “Minowa”, they are exclusively found in the same area and nowhere else.
The reason of the above mentioned distribution can be attributed to the historical fact that Gôzoku, descendants of the lord Kiyoshige Kasai used to live and govern the area in the Middle Age.
The settlements of Gôzoku, from the morphological viewpoint, can largely be seen to distribute on the alluvial lowland along the River Kitakami in numbers and also at the hills along the Kitakami adjacent to the same alluvial lowland.

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There are many large lakes between R. Yenisey and R. Ob to the north of Taiga in western Siberia. Their diameters are about one to several kilometers, while the larger are the more. These lakes are not connected with surface streams but independent each other, and some of them are self-induced from small meandering streams with small delta. They are randomly distributed.
Similar lakes have been reproted on the arctic coastal plains of Alaska, Canada and Greenland, whose origins were attributed to the melting of injected ice mass or that of wedge ice within permafrost in thermokarst process. The author, however, interprets more simply that random depressions were caused by the differences of volumes among ice and water at the melting of permafrost after the last ice age, i. e. the depressions are a kind of parttened ground.

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A broadleaf tree of buried forest found on the river bed of the Iwaki is aged 2480±85 years B. P. (N-1958). First, the forest was growing in back-swamps region. At the above age, the area was covered by sand about 6m thick, and the forest was buried. Then, the area was changed to natural levee region. In the recent several years, the forest reappeared due to the lowering of river bed.

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An underfit stream of the Osage type (Dury 1964, 65) is observed in the meandering valley of the Ota River. The degree of underfitness is measured 1.23 as the ratio between expected spacing of pools from valley meander and observed spacing of pools on the present channel.

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[in Japanese]

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