The areas where heavy-rainfalls most frequently occur are the coastal regions of Fukushima and Iwate Prefectures in the Pacific Ocean side of Tohoku District.
In these areas, the following two synoptic-climatological characteristics are clarified:
1) The points where the maximum rainfall amount is frequently observed do not correspond to the topographic gradient when the easterly air current is most prevailing.
2) Under the northeasterly prevailing air current, the heavier rainfall in the coastal region is at the colder temperature of the current.
About the heavy rainfall in the coastal region, hitherto, such ideas were proposed as the secondary orographic rainfall, the orographic rainfall or the effect of coast on precipitation. These ideas were based upon the heavy rainfalls or convective clouds generated in coastal region. However, the author would like to propose the following idea as the foundation of the coastal heavy rainfall. The comparison between the air temperature at the coast and the sea surface temperatures at the coast and off the coast under the northeasterly prevailing air current show that the cool air mass drifted by the northeasterly air current is heated from the sea and therefore convective clouds are generated in the air mass. On the other hand, as the heat supply is cut off on land, convective clouds are dissipated in the coastal region. Then the most rainfall amount on the land is concentrated along the coastal line.

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It is important to judge accurately the geomorphological deformation due to landslide in each landslide area. Reflecting differences in both geological structure and geomorphological development in a landslide area, such deformation is considerably complicated.
In a landslide area of mountainous district along the River Saigawa in northern part of Nagano prefecture, the aspect of deformation is rather simple in case the land consists mainly of mudstone. However, when pyroclastic deposits are mixed in the sedimentary rocks such as mudstone, sandstone, etc., the process of landslide is complicated. This report describes a case, as a typical example, on the deformation of landslide area at Kuranami District in Nagano city to investigate the relation between geological features and groundwater mechanism.
In Kuranami Landslide Area. the groundwater flows down through debris accumulation on the upper reaches and is dammed by mudstone layer down at the village, where it makes the mudstone layer soften to cause sliding intra-stratum on the lower reaches. As the result, a remarkable three-stage cliff has been developed on the upper reaches, and a rolling slope unique in the landslide area has been formed on the lower reaches.

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The proportion of the numbers of the branch establishments controlled by external head offices to total establishments in each prefecture is about 15% on an average, and higher in the prefectures in Tohoku, Hokuriku, Sanin and Kyushu Districts (Fig. 1 a). The majority of their head offices are situtated at Tokyo and Osaka, and some are concentrated in Miyagi, Aichi, Hiroshima, Kagawa and Fukuoka Prefectures (Fig. 2). But only a few head offices are found in their neighbouring prefectures.
The industrial groups with many branches are areally monopolistic industries such as electricity and gas supply (67.6%), finance and insurance (49.4%), mining (36.4%) and transportation (21.6%) (Table 1).
Distributional pattern of the workers in the branch establishments is similar to that of the branch establishments, with the proportion of 25.4% to total workers in each prefecture on an average. The higher ratio means that the branch establishments are larger in scale than the establishments of local firms, in general. Therefore, the influence spheres of branch establishments seems to be larger than expected from the numbers of branch establishments in each prefecture.

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The purpose of this paper is to put light on the relationship between mine exploitation and forestry around Ani and Kosaka area of Akita Prefecture during Meiji and Taisho eras.
In order to operate a mine, a tremendous amount of materials such as firewood, charcoal and lumber were required in Meiji and Taisho ages. In Akita Prefecture every mine was endowed with abundant forest resources surrounding within 40 km.
Government-controlled mines with the forest attached to them had been transferred to private ownership, which caused the development of mining industry and the company forests. Then the mining companies began the forestry as a side business, lumbering and charcoal-making on a large scale. Heavy cutting and poisonous smoke brought desolation of forests around mines.

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The writer investigated the central shopping street, Higashi-ichi-bancho in Sendai on the items shown in the Tables I-III in 1960 and 1970.
The results gained are as follows:
1. Two department stores in the shopping street have large floor space and it enlarged considerably. Its ratio to that of other shops is more than 70% always. The floor spaces of retail shops which mainly deal such expensive goods as clothing, personal ornaments, play-things, furnitures and books have enlarged, too.
2. So far as the number of employees is concerned, it is increasing a little in big shops, but is decreasing or equal in small shops these ten years.
3. Separation of shop and residence is going on through the shopping street, which is remarkable at the crossroads with three main streets.
4. The total sale of the two department stores have extremely increased. And that of retail shops dealing mainly expensive goods is increasing too, but it does not come up to that of the department stores.
5. Generally, cultural and expensive good stores and coffee shops have a tendency to be centralized, but the function of retail service in the central shopping street is gradually expanding.

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In this paper the author expalins the development of land improvement works in the northern part of Yokote Basin and considers the factors to realize the works in relation with physical and some other conditions.
Before World War II, the more of the works were carried out in two regions, the valley floor in Nakagawamura and the fluvial plain in the western part of Nakasenmachi, in which works are decidedly affected by water conditions. Namely in the former, the paddy fields were in short of irrigation water, and in the latter, they were wet and in need of drainage. The works were undertaken in order to improve such poor conditions. And in these two regions the works were realized owing to the presence of some other factors - namely social conditions of community and the presence of local leaders.
After World War II, the works were expanded in various districts, and the local government played an important role in the materialization of works.
It is worthy to notice that in the area irrigated by so-called “Tamagawa-dokusui” - acidic water from Tamagawa hot spring - the land improvement work was hardly undertaken, especially in prewar days.

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Forests have been changed into the residential area in Sendai, while recently a part of them has come to be used for public interests. In the latter case, many people enjoy themselves in the Natural Recreational Forest, the People's Forest in Miyagi Prefecture, the Dainohara Forest Park of Sendai and so on.

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The writers found some block streams in the Kantô Mountains (these localities and details are as in table). The distribution of the trees on the block streams and lichen covering the blocks indicates that additions of new materials have virtually ceased. The lack of the matrix indicates that under periglacial condition, blocks were produced by mechanical weathering in full flourish resulting from frost action and moved downward on the slope by the mass wasting. Therefore, the writers consider that these block streams are of the fossil periglacial morphology.

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