By means of analysis of the distribution change of urban population in Sendai, the authors propose to the necessity of re-examining the Newling's model (1969) which is connected with the emptying phenomenon in central part of urban region, and they point out that the increase of population in the surroundings of CBD is observed, contrary to expectation.
In Japan, the Clark's model (1951) is generally accepted by many population and urban geographers in the macroscopic view or in relatively small scale of cities, and the Newling's model (1969) is also recognized as a general rule in microscopic view or in relatively large scale. Some geographers studied these models in the case of Sendai and concluded to be applicable to Sendai. The general theory approved as emptying phenomenon concerning with population distribution and its change in and around central part of a city includes the concept that the areas with the highest density of population in urban region shift from its central area to outer zones gradually, and central area with low population density expands its area centrifugally. However, according to their survey of the urban region of Sendai, the change of population distribution does not show the trend mentioned above in the microscopic view, but new areas with high population density and increasing population around CBD appear to be formed. Population have filled up centripetally from inner-wall of former “vomica” with low population density. If this phenomenon has an universal validity in many cases of the world, it may be necessary to modify weightily the Newling's model. Next, they analyse the background for appearance of this phenomenon, and study its meanings in urban geography. The increase of population around CBD means the increase of inhabitants who have moved into apartments of high buildings in this areas. Then, they analyse the land value, the price of dwellings and other factors of demand and supply for location of residence. Concerning the increased demand, they point out the increase of consumers in two categories. The first category is a group of inhabitants who limitted professionally to live in the central part of city, and the second category is a group of inhabitants who preferably choose the dwellings near the central part of the city.

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Age composition of neighborhoods in urban area are well known to be variated. The purpose of this paper is to analyse both the spatial pattern of such variations and their changes from 1960 to 1975 within Sendai city.
The procedure is as follows: firstly, neighborhoods are conveniently defined as small administrative districts (chos) within Sendai city. Twenty six neighborhoods are chosen for analysis as samples representing all of neighborhoods within Sendai city. Secondly, 26 neighborhoods are classified into a small number of clusters on the similarity of age composition, using the method of Cluster Analysis. Spatial arrangements of such clusters are mapped. Thirdly, spatial variations of age composition is compared with those of occupation composition in order to clarify the coincidences between them.
The results may be summarized as follows.
1) Twenty six neighborhoods were classified into four clusters on the similarity of age composition in 1960. At the same time, the spatial arrangement of four clusters formed a series of circles within Sendai city. That is, the first cluster is characterized by both comparatively high ratio of 15-24 age group and low ratio of 0-14 age group. This comprized only one neighborhood (Higashi-Nibancho) located in CBD. The second one characterized by relatively high ratio of 35-44 age group consisted of neighborhoods located in the zone around CBD (8 blocks). The third which had the relatively high ratio of 25-44 age group included neighborhoods distributed in the inner zone (the old built-up area excluding the above two zone, 11 blocks). The fourth was characterized by both comparatively high ratio of 0-14 age group and low ratio of 15-34 age group, contrasting with the first cluster. Neighborhoods comprized in this cluster spreaded themselves in the outer zone (suburbs, 7 blocks).
2) In 1975 period, Sendai city was divided two regions which consisted of the extended CBD and the outer region. The differentiation between CBD and the zone around CBD distinguished in 1960 became to be diminished in 1975. The two zones were combined as the extended CBD. In addition, the differences between the south part of inner zone and the outer zone in 1960 also became a little, and the two zone were able to be grouped into the outer region.
3) The same spatial pattern of age composition by neighborhoods were identified in the spatial variations of occupation composition by neighborhoods. So, the Multiple Regression Analysis had been done in order to clear up the relationship between these two spatial variations. As a result, spatial variations of the proportion of persons engaged in both trade and farming were clarified to be closely related to those of age composition in 1960. But in 1975, such a strong relationship between them was not clearly found. The result guessed that it was necessary to analyse on the scale of Sendai Metropolitan Areas. Because residential developments had been done beyond the administrative area of Sendai city after 1960 and areal differentiation had also developed on that scale.

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This paper discusses the Quaternary crustal movement through investigation of formation and deformation of river terraces developed along the middle course of Kakogawa River, Hyogo Prefecture, Southwestern Japan.
The results obtained are summarized as follows:
1) Two conjugate lateral strike-slip fault systems are recognized topographically in this area. They are named Biwakoh. Fault and Goshodani Fault (Fig. 2).
Biwakoh. Fault is the left lateral strike-slip fault with vertical displacement, which belongs to the Yamasaki Fault Systems. It displaces the Ono III terrace aged about 170-130ka and other older terraces. But the faulting had terminated before the Ono VI terrace was formed in the age about 100-60ka (Figs. 2 and 4).
Goshodani Fault, located on the northeastern border of this area, brings about linear dextral displacement to the ridges and streams on the mountain foot and produces offset spurs and streams (Fig. 5). Lateral displacement of the Ono I terrace, older than 170ka, and other younger terraces is not clear. But the trend of altitude of Ono I terrace and the longitudinal profiles of river terraces developed along Kakogawa River indicate that Goshodani Fault has displaced the terraces vertically since Ono I terrace was built (Figs. 2 and 6)
2) The altitudinal trend of river terraces from Ono I terrace down to Ono VI terrace suggests the vertical block movement of Tojo-Ono area (refer to Fig. 7) which is bordered by the two conjugate lateral strike slip fault systems mentioned above (Figs. 2 and 6). This movement is attributed to the local bulging caused by the concentration of stress into Tojo-Ono area which is located at the junction of the two conjugate lateral strike-slip fault systems (Fig. 7). The asymmetric arrangement of terraces along Kakogawa River is also considered to have been developed under the influence of the above-mentioned vertical block movement of Tojo-Ono area located on the left side of Kakogawa River.

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This paper explains the formation of lacustrine and sublacustrine microforms of Lake Ogawara, one of the brackish-water lakes in Northeastern Japan, with relation to the lake-level changes after the maximum phase of Postglacial Transgression. In addition to morphological observation, surface-geological survey and bore-hole record analysis were made on land and echo sounding and sediment sampling were made at the lake bottom. Some of the sediments were analysed mineralogically.
Various microforms are recognized and mapped and they are classified into the four groups, each of which was formed at the different lake level from others. Chronology of the groups is established on the basis of morphostratigraphy with the aid of tephrochronology and archeology. The results are summarized in the following table.
All the microforms discussed were successively formed near the shore line which shifted corresponding to changing lake level within the height range between +4.0m and -1.5m above the present sea-level. The small difference in height causes the partial superposition of younger microforms to older ones. It contributes to the development of apparent littoral shelves which are in fact composed of several microforms of different ages in late Holocene. The fact that the littoral shelves of Japanese brackish-water lakes are wider in general than those of inland lakes will be partially explained by the processes as above.

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