Since the end of Meiji era, Japanese fisheries have developed by motorization into the off-shore and deep-sea fisheries, and increased its productivity. Among many fishing villages, only a few were equipped with sufficient number of fishing boats and adequate laborers, and developed into prosperous ports which supply the large consuming cities with the products. On the other hand, many fishing villages in isolated islands were left behind the development.
In this paper, the author reports on the ways in which the small fishing ports in isolated islands play their parts in the distribution of products, and are utilized by coastal fishing boats.
The results are as follows;
(1) Fukue fishing port is the center of the area. Many boats enter the port and fishes are landed by coastal fishing boats, not only the local boats but also the boats belong- ing to other prefectures. And fishes are also sent to the Fukue fish-market from surrounding villages by land. But the fishes landed at the port are mainly cheep ones, such as saurels, mackerels and other miscellaneous fishes, and are distributed by fish brokers to their own prefectural markets.
(2) Such expensive fishes, as yellow tails, gold breams and lobsters, are sent directly from small fishing villages, where they are landed by the boats belonging to the villagers, to the large consuming cities, Osaka, Kobe, Kyoto and Tokyo, by the prefectural federation of fishermen's cooperative associations.

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Based on the various literatures and some field data relating to the geomorphology of Bandai-san which erupted in the 21st year of Meiji (1888), the author concludes as follows;
(1) The applciation of the term “directed vocalnic blast” to the Meiji eruption by G. S. Gorshkov (1959, 1963) is justified with the exmaination of the details of the accident including the damage on people and trees etc. It must be noted, however, that S. Sekiya and Y. Kikuchi (1890) on which Gorshkov's applciation depends had used the term “wind blast” and described the nature of blast transmission and the related phenomena. Gorshkov expresses that the property of the eruption has not been fully understood and claims the applcaition of the term mentioned above. But the present author can not state positively so.
(2) Two mudflows were poured out at that eruption, namely Ura-bandai Mudflow to the north and Biwa-saw Mudflow to the southeast. G. S. Gorshkov applied his term “agglomerate flow” to both mudflows. The present author disagrees with him. The materials of Ura-bandai Mudflow is not sutiable to be named “agglomerate” viewed from the rule of lithological nomenclature, as pointed out by Prof. Toshio Ishikawa (1970 pers. communciation). Biwa-sawa Mudflow is composed chiefly of the red loamy soil underlain the contemporary mountain slope.
(3) It is questionable whether the materials of Ura-bandai Mudflow was saturated with water or not and some Japanese and foreign textbooks write that the materials contain much water. The descriptions on the ground conditions just after the accident set by Sekiya & Kikuchi (1890) who began their field study four days after the eruption and Prof. Hatsuo Yasuda (1949) who checked the official record at that time-said that the mudflow was dry.
(4) On the geomorphology of Ura-bandai Mudflow, some questions have been unsolved. The first of them is the forming process of flow mounds. Various field data and various theories were proposed, but no reasonable conclusion is found by the author. He thinks that it is necessary to make a systematic data smapling on the topography and geology of b-area and c-area (Fig. 3) respectively.
(5) On the whole, what is necessary for the geomorphology around Bandai-san are not new terms but much field data.

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On Sotoyama Plateau (altitude 700-1, 000 m), the writer found mounds, Taschenböden and cryopediments.
Mounds are developed in the marsh of Oonotai, situated about 680 meters above sea level, and are 6-10 meters in diameter and 3-5 meters in height.
Taschenböden axe observed between the layers of pumcie and reddish volcanic ashes, both of which cover the cryopediment sloping gently southward with altitude of 680 meters.
Cryopediments occupy considerable area with altitudes of approximately 670-760 meters above sea level.
According to morphological and botanical evidences, these three morphological features are believed to have been developed during the last glacial period when cold climate prevailed on this plateau.

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Hilis and coastal lowlands alternate in the coastal area of Fukushima Prefecture. The coastal lowlands are uplifted drowned valleys. The author investigated Soma area in the northern part of this coastal area, and is especially concerned with the Jomon transgression, and the landforms consisting of fluival deposits and surface material. The sea seems to have reached up to the 5m contour line during early Jomon time and bays were formed. The speed of aggradation depends on the scale of rivers which flowed down the coastal lowland.
There are some differences in the development of landforms and surface materials at each coastal lowland. On the coastal lowlands with small rivers, fluvial deposits are hardly found and mucky soils are widely distributed. On the other hand, on the coastal lowlands with large rivers, floodplains and natural levees develop well. But, there are some differences between Nakamura area and Haramachi area, in spite of the same scale of rivers flowing. In the Haramachi area, sandy and gravelly soil develops more than Nakamura area, and its river carries gravel to the coast. By the way, coast in the Haramachi area is rapidly retreated and it is said that since terrace building southern area of this coast is uplifted compared with the northern area. These bring the differences.
In conclusion, the author considers that shoreline process, scale of river and tectonic movement are important factors for the development of coastal lowlands.

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Nach einer kleinräumigen Untersuchung über das Shonai-Delta zeigt es sich deutlich, daß dort in historischer Zeit drei charakteristische Veranderungen der Landformen auftraten, die für dem Menschen großen Einufluß gaben.
Die erste Veränderung ist die Verwandlung des Flußarmes. Archäologische Funden haben machen es verklärt, daß dieses Gebiet schon zur Antike (700-800. Chr.) besiedelt war. Damals verlief der Hauptfluß von Shônai am Kamasuga, zog am Kanie vorbei und erreichte die Bucht von Ise. In der 1327 ausgefiihrten Karte findet man, daß der Shonai Fluß damals drei Nebenflüsse gehabt hat. In der Neuzeit wurde die Verteilung der Flußarme durch die Neubesiedlungen als heute gewandt.
Die zweite ist die Bildung der natürlichen Flußuferdämme, die sich nicht nur an der aktiven Flußarme, sondern auch alten Totenarme finden. Die natürlichen Flußuferdämme liegen 1-1.5 m höher als die zwischen den Flußuferdämmen liegende Sumpfböden. Diese Flußuferdämme wurden meistens in dem Zeitraum 11-14 Jahrhundert ausgebildet. Die wichtigste Landschaft des Delta ist heutzutage die Sumpfzone, auf der sich das Reisfeld verbreitet. Aber vor dem 13 Jahrhundert gait diese Gebiet als die große Produktionsort der Seiden. Dadurch wird bewiesen, daß vor dem 13 Jahrhundert die Maulbeerfelder größer und die Sumpfgebiete kleiner als heute gewesen sind. Es ist warhscheinlich, daß die physische Glundlage der Maulbeerwirtschaft durch die am Ende des Mittelalters manchmal anfallenden großen Überschwemmungen geschwacht wurde.
Die dritte ist die durch das Menschenwerk geschehene Änderung. Die Deltaküste lag 1327 Jahr noch etwa 6 km landeinwärts als die heutige. Diese Küstenveränderung wurde mit der Entwässerung von Menschen hervorgebracht. Die Meereshöhe dieses Gebietes ist zum großen Teil unter dem Meeresspiegel. Aber in 10-13 Jahrhundert war das Tiefland mehr als 1-1.2 m höher als heute. Diese geomorphologische Veränderungen sind ja eine Reflexion der eigeneartigen Beziehung zwischen Menschen und Natur auf dem Delta.

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It is generally believed that at clam nights cold air drainage flows downslope forming cold air lakes at the bottom of the slopes. In this survey, the air temperature, the speed and direction of the wind were measured 50 cm above the ground on the s1Ope of Sugadaira Plateau (Fig. 1) in Nagano from Oct. 31 to Nov. 1, 1969. Results are illsutrated in Fig. 2, 3, 4.
We tried to recognzie the pass of cold air drainage in three manners:
1) The change of wind direction when cold air drainage passes.
2) The low temperature for shrot time and the high value of the standard deviation f the temperature.
3) We assumed that the air temperature rises suddenly after cold air drainage passes. But the results attained did not agree with these hypotheses, for
1) the wind speed is too slow to recognzie the pass of cold air drainage,
2) the high values of the standard deviation are releated to the rise of the air temperature and
3) the rise of air temperature is reasonably explained by sensible and latent heat. Cold air lake is expanded and confirmed as time passes at St. 5 and 4 (Fig. 2). It may be said that cold air lake is formed without cold air drainage. The formation of cold air lake is thought as follows:
At night there is a net loss of heat by radiation. Radiation flux divergence is a major cause of air cooling and the rate is equal in the forest and outside the forest. In the forest no wind blew, and outside the forest wind blew all night (Fig. 4). The eddy transfer component must be greater outside the forest than in the forest. So it gets cooler relatively in the forest.

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There is a linear settlement at the northwestern part of Rokuhara Fan, Iwate Prefecture. The settlement was constructed as a fort as a part of the strategic project of Date clan 400 years ago. There were 30 houses at that time, of which 7 families had remain and 22 houses are lived by their descendents at present. It is surprising that after 400 years they still have the old spirit of the clan and they show some friendship to the persons of Miyagi Prefecture.

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Along the coast of Japan there are many timber industrial spots. But in some inland areas there are also several timber industrial spots. Nara prefecture, for instance is abundant in forest resources. In this prefecture there are two timber industrial estates; Sakurai and Gojo. The former depends on timber purchased at neighboring areas, and the latter on the imported timber.

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