The purpose of this study is to set up principles on the location of civic centers of coastal cities in Japan. For this purpose a concept of the harbor coefficient was introduced refering to the quantitative dependence upon transportation function of harbors in the coastal cities.
The study is based on the analyses of questionnaires collected from all the important harbors of Japan, as well as the result of field surveys to the important harbors in Kyushu. The results obtained are summarized as follows.
1. “K”, the harbor coefficient of the coastal cities is in a negative correlation with “L”, the distance between the civic center and the harbor.
2. The intensity of K L correlation in larger coastal cities has a tendency to become larger than in smaller cities.
3. When “h”, the distance between the civic center and the harbor is more than 4, 000 meters, the intensity of K L correlation becomes smaller.

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If we assume that a seaside industrial area is an assemblage of plants at the wharf, 48% of such areas are situated in southwestern Japan (viz. to the west of Okayama Prefecture), and the rest chiefly lie in and around the three largest cities.
As for the type of industry, the plants in these areas are mostly those of heavy chemical industries and their producing producers' goods. Such are iron and steel, petroleum, or chemical industries and their distinctive feature is that around them are deficient of the assemblage of medium and small industries pertaining to them.
When we look into the progress of Kita-Kyushu, the first established seaside industrial area in Japan, we can clearly distinguish four stages, viz. germinative, expanding, zenithal and declining. If we apply the division into these stages to the seaside industrial areas in southwestern Japan, Mizushima and Shunan are expanding, Iwakuni zenithal, Kita-Kyushu and Nagasaki belong to declining stage.
But Hiroshima, which has the assemblage of medium and small industries above-cited in the rear, is in a stage somewhat different from above-mentioned towns. The total output of the seaside industrial areas amounts to only 15-20% of the national industrial output. The development of seaside industries has its limit unless it is combined with inland industries.

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Stimulated by the rapid growth of the international economy, advanced technology, and liberalization of foreign trade, the distribution of industrial establishments has entered a new stage yielding remarkable influences upon cities. As a result, the Pacific Coast Industrial Belt has come into being, and the pattern of distribution of local cities is undergoing a change. The industrial development of the San-yo Coastal Region (in Yamaguchi Prefecture), however, has been very slow in the last several years.
The purpose of this study is to find out facts about this situation and to clarify the causes for it. The following is a summary of the study.
1. In the San-yo Coastal Region there are twelve industrial cities, forming three clusters, i. e. Ube, Shunan, and Iwakuni. These three clusters of industrial cities together with adjoining areas constitute the San-yo Coastal Industrial City Chain, with its own characteristics and structure although in some respects similar to those of the North Kyushu Industrial Region.
One of the characteristics is that within this region there are large-scale industries such as chemical (which produces 30.7% of the prefecture's production, and 6.6% of the national production), petroleum products (22.4% and 17.3%), and iron and steel industry (15.6% and 2.4%). These dominant industries form the core of the local industrial structure attracting a large number of other industries. In all the three industrial city clusters the petro-chemical industry constitutes their hard core. Therefore, the level of industrialization is highest in the Shunan Industrial City Cluster (139) as compared with Ube (81), and Iwakuni (55).
As for commercial structure, none of the three clusters has its commercial core yet, and they have no well-developed wholesale trade structure, nor they have an established consumer economy sphere.
2. The San-yo Coastal Industrial City Chain was formed in about 1960, some time after the three clusters were formed (Ube in 1942, Shunan about 1955, and Iwakuni about 1955). This was due to the petro-chemical complexes and the iron and steel industry (in Hikari). Thus those industries that turn out semi-finished products prospered, but such established industries as foodstuffs, textiles and pulp, began to decline completely.
3. The San-yo Coastal Industrial City Chain was very acitve up until about 1960, when the city culsters were formed, but it has since become very stagnant. The reason for this is that contrary to the nation-wide trend, here the small- and medium-scale industries were located near the sources of raw materials (ceramics, stone and clay products, lumber, paper, foodstuffs).
4. The second reason is that due to a change in conditions for attracting industries, i.e. because of the inadequacies in industrial structure, undeveloped transportation networks and the absence of other enticing conditions, this region was unable to receive the industries that wanted to leave the already congested industrial centers elsewhere. Therefore, the industrial development in the industrial cities and the three industrial clusters within this region became stagnant.
To sum up, since about 1935 the San-yo Coastal Region has been developing as a frontier of the North Kyushu Industrial Region. But the eastward movement of Industrie which started in about 1950 led to the formation of the three industrial city cluster and then the San-yo Coastal Industrial City Chain. This means that the industrial center moved from Shimonoseki to Tokuyama city. This is a manifestation of the branching off of the North Kyushu Industrial Region. Thus in the San-yo Coastal Region there can be found an example of formation and distribution of industrial cities due to the shifting of an industrial center. (Part of a Ministry of Education scientific research grant for 1966 has been used for this study.)

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The author investigated the changing phases of the relationships between the changes of cultivated land and land conditions in Hidaka district. As the results, the process of changes of cultivated land in this district is classified into four stages :
(1) The first stage 1868-1920 The exploitation of this area was almost over by about 1910. In the years around 1920 almost all the alluvial plains and valley floors were cultivated, except the peat lands and floodplains.
(2) The second stage 1921-1945 After the establishment of the Irrigation Associations, the acreage of paddy fields increased rapidly in this area. After 1937 the total acreage of cultivated land decreased under the condition of War.
(3) The thrid stage 1946-1960 After World War II, the unfavorable lands such as flat lands in the upper reaches of streams and hilly lands were cultivated under the government policy for urgent land development. The total acreage of the cultivated land has been increasing.
(4) The fourth stage 1961- The acreage of rice fields is steadily increasing by the new reclamation or the conversion from dry fields. In Shizunai and Urakawa districts, however, some of the paddy fields in the alluvial plains were turned to the grasslands by farmers raising race horses.

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The determination of mineral discharge from the catchment area of a river is fundamentally a matter of hydrology. The purpose of the paper is to discuss the mechanism of the transportation of the dissolved minerals that applies to the erosion by dissolution and at the same time to describe the quality-of-water under hydrological considerations. Data presented herein were collected once a week from the Takase River at Hiraishimizu, Yamagata City during the period 1964-1966.
The observation of the water temperature during the period 1964-1965, reveals the linear relationship of this and the dissolved oxygen. This can be represented by
DO=13.97-0.290Tw
where DO=dissolved oxygen in ppm
Tw=water temperature in °C.
Moreover, during spring months the days of high temperatures and thaws may be reflected by increase in stream flow and by elevation in water temperature as expressed by the equation :
log₁₀ Q=0.93Tw-0.475,
where Q=stream flow in m³/sec
Tw=water temperature in °C.
The amounts of dissolved minerals are in the order : Ca²⁺>Na⁺>Mg²⁺ and HCO₃^->Cl^->SO₄^2-. A linear relationship is found to exist between Ca²⁺ concentration and pH 4.3 alkalinity (Bx). This can be readily computed as follows :
(Ca²⁺) =0.67 Bx+0.11
where each quantity is expressed in meq/1.
The transportation of various dissolved minerals was examined for the 1965 water year. A simple relation is found in each of dissolved minerals in a manner analogous to the transportation of suspension
Q_d=aQⁿ
where Q_d is each mineral discharge and a and n are constants characteristic of each constituent. The same is the case with the total mineral discharge and the following equation is obtained :
Q_ds=47.4Q^0.793
where Q_ds=total mineral discharge in g/sec
Q=flow rate in m³/sec.
The total mineral discharge for the present water year is estimated to be fifteen hundred tons per year.

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The results of the author's study on the Byobusan sand dune area along the Japan Sea to the west of Tsugaru plain are as follows ;
(1) According to grain-size analysis the sand in this area is classified into four groups ; recent dune sand (A type : Mdφ= 1.51-1.76Q, dφ=0.26-0.33), older dune sand (B type : Mdφ=0.68, Qdφ=0.48), sand derived from the Byobusan formation underyling the sand dunes (C type : Mdφ=1.48, Qdφ=0.66), and beach sand (D type : Mdφ=1.12, Qdφ=0.64) (Fig. 2, Table 1). The Byobusan formation is correlated to the Shimosue-yoshi stage.
(2) Three levels of terraces are recognized in this area; 10 m terrace, 20 m terrace and 30-40m terrace, the figures indicate their heights above the sea-level (Fig. 5). These three levels have been formed by eustatic sea level change since the Shimosueyoshi stage (Riss-Wurm interglacial stage).
(3) The pattern of the sand dunes is characterized mainly by longitudinal dunes and parabolic or U-shaped dunes (Fig. 7·8). The recent sand dunes cover the older sand dunes and volcanic ash layer on them.

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Along the western coast of the Noheji Bay, several terraces are observed. One of them was named Noheji Terrace (Nakagawa 1963), whose deposit is called Tanabu Formation. It was assumed that the terrace had been formed during the time of the high sea level within Riss-Wiirm interglacial stage.
According to the investigation by the present author, however, the terrace can be classified into two levels ; the upper is Tateno Terrace (fill-top terrace of Tateno Gravel bed which is of fluvial origin) and the lower Noheji Terrace (Noheji Formation which is marine). A higher terrace is named Kuchihirotai Terrace and a lower one is designated as Kuchihiro Terrace. The lower terrace is a few meters higher than coastal lowland, and is covered with two layers of volcanic ash. The lower layer is reddish brown clayey ash, and the upper is chiefly composed of yellowish brown pumice grains.
The layer is correlated with Hachinohe Volcanic Ash (Oike 1954), and the upper is Chibiki Pumice (Nakagawa 1963).
In the eastern coast of the Noheji Bay and Oshimashiruchi coastal area, terraces which correspond to Kuchihiro Terrace are found, and are called Yokohama Terrace and Shiruchi lower Terrace. Judged from volcanic ash underlying the terraces, these terraces are formed in Late Pleistocene.
Excepting Kuchihiro Terrace, the terraces are dissected by numerous shallow valleys, and transformed into a hilly land. Gentle slopes of shallow valley are covered with reddish brown clayey ash mentioned above. It is consequently concluded that these valleys had already been cut before the fall of Hachinohe Volcanic Ash.

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It seems reasonable that R. Lang's “Regenfaktor” and de Martonne's “index of aridity” represent the soil moisture, based on Thornthwaite's and Budyko's theories on heat or water balance. The author supposes that the soil moisture could be expressed by an index of aridity calculated as a ratio of monthly total precipitation to mean air temperature.

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Fig. l and Fig. 2 show the distribution of heavy rainfall frequency in June and July respectively. In June (Fig. 1), high frequency areas are in the Pacific side of the district. In July (Fig. 2), the frequency decreases very much in the Pacific side, but it increases in the Japan Sea side. In this reprot, heavy rainfalls are defined as rainfalls that amounted over 50 mm per day.

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The author has exmained the explanations on natural levees from several textbooks, and reached the following results. (1) As far as Japanese literatures are concerned, the term “natural levees” is often used without distinction between true natural levees and point bars. (2) Also in Japan, it is often said that the natural levee areas are situated between fan areas in the upstreams and the delta areas in the downstream. If so, it is necessary to discuss the forming and modifying processes of natural levees not only from the view-point of the hydrological study of stream regime but from the chronological study of the flood plain as a whole. The followings must be studied : the mode of erosion in the source areas of stream load, the relation of the extended river development and the flood plain formation with the regression or the transgression of the sea. Beside such a treatment on the idea of geological stage, the ages of parts of flood plains must be known, because it seems to be true that the germ of a natural levee is brought about by the occupation by scrub on certain parts of the flood plain as explained by Lange et al. (1962).

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On Gassan (1980 meters), the writer found earth mounds (butte gazonnée), turf-banked terraces and patterned ground (Polygonboden). Earth mounds develop on the gentle crest ridges to the north of Gassan about 1900 meters high. They are 1.8-1.0 meters in diameter and 60-40 centimeters in height (Photo 1).
Turf-banked terraces occupy considerable areas between approximately 1800-1600 meters. They are characterized by vegetational mat on the terrace front and tread (Photo 2).
Patterned ground develops on the gentle slopes at the north-east of Gassan, at about 1600 meters.

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At Shinagawa wharf of the Port of Tokyo, there are the main berths for the liner services between Tokyo and Hokkaido. The paper in rolls is one of the main cargoes handled here, and since the completion of this wharf, in 1965 news paper factories, cutting plants and a warehouse for roll paper have been gradually moved into the area behind Shinagawa wharf. These establishments, however, are not so numerous in number in proportion to the amount of paper handled at this wharf. Other establishments related to paper are scattered in other parts of Tokyo. The shipping costs of paper are paid by producers, and the paper is delivered to the consumers and dealers by c. o. d. system. Thus, the areal structure of the section behind the wharf is greatly affected by the distribution of related industries.

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