As studied previously, the dialectal expression [teru] used in the words such as [kiteru], [saiteru], meaning the state of either ‘finished’ or ‘continuing’ is generally used in East Japan, and [toru] used in such words as [kitoru], [saitoru], meaning the state of ‘finished'’ and [joru] in such words as [kijoru], [sakijoru], meaning ‘continuing’ state are are spoken in West Japan, where they use two expressions each in its proper way.
In this paper, the writer reports on the distribution of [t∫oru] used in such words as [kit∫oru], [sait∫oru], another expression meaning the state of ‘finished’, in Chugoku and Shikoku, West Japan.
The expression [t∫oru] is spoken in Central Sanin, Yamaguchi prefecture, Central Geinan and South Shikoku, that is to say, in the fringes of Chugoku and Shikoku except Central Geinan. Each line of demarcation between [t∫oru] and [toru] roughly runs along the watersheds, but circumstantially that has been affected by traffic routes and by marital relations since old times. The use of the expression [t∫oru] in those [t∫oru] areas generally tends to fall off slowly, and it is mingling more or less with [toru] in each [t∫oru] area. In Fig. I, I can say that [toru] has generally extended westward from east, for the reason that [t∫oru] areas persist in the fringes of west, north and south, excepting east. Besides, in Fig. II, I see that [toru] has extended dualistically in ‘Chugoku Shikoku’ and ‘Kyushu’, for the reason that [toru] areas in ‘Chugoku Shikoku’ are separated from [toru] areas in ‘Kyushu’.

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Oji Paper Mill is one of the largest paper factories in the world, and the factory has exerted a significant influence, not only on economic structure but also on urban land use of Tomakomai city where it is situated. In this paper the author tries to clear up the close connection between the enlargement of the site for the paper mill and the land use in central zone of Tomakomai. It may be consequently said that land holding by the company is a key factor in explaining the development of urban land use in the city. The following are the outline of how the patterns of the urban land use have been developed with the change of the site for the company.
1) Pre-war period: The site for the company increased under the Act for the Disposal of Uncultivated State Land in Hokkaido, and in 1931 it covered an area of 1, 130ha. Looking into the land use, the site for the company's houses was set in the immediate vicinity of the factory. The number of the houses for the company employees gradually increased around the central part of the city, amounting to 23% of total households in the city in 1930. Fig. 1 shows that distribution of the urban functions was confined to the western part of the land between the factory site and the national road.
2) 1946-1965: In 1950 the company had over 4, 000 workers, and it enlarged the site for its houses. Then the municipal office moved to the southern area, followed by other public institutions, such as the police station, the taxation office which had been located in the western part of the city (Fig. 7). Thus the southern part began to be characterized as an administrative function. Banks and firms were relocated on Station Avenue, while the remaining part of the central zone was mostly dominated by the company residences and its welfare facilities.
3) since 1966: The land on the north of the national road was converted into firm and residential uses in this stage. The renewal planning of the city was also enforced, with the result that 31.4% of all the establishments in this area have been located here since 1976, and especially more than half of the banks and insurance companies in this city are in operation now in this area. Supermarkets have been located in this area in accordance with the renewal planning, and the center of retail activities is moving to the close vicinity of the station. The comparison between Figs. 1 and 5 shows that Oji Paper Mill still owns the land with high assests value in the central zone, though its total estate has diminished in area.

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In order to confirm the influence of the cities upon the amount of snow cover, the secular changes of maximum depth of snow cover and the number of days with snow cover are examined.
Maximum depth of snow cover (MDSC) is increasing in Hokkaido district and decreasing in Tohoku and Hokuriku districts, compering the mean values in the period II (1951-76) with those in the period I (1921-50) (Fig. 1). However the influence of the cities upon MDSC is not recognized in most regions except Northern Hokkaido and a part of Nagano Prefecture (Fig. 2).
On the other hand, the number of days with snow cover (NDSC) is relatively diminished in the cities, moreover it is increasing in Tohoku district and decreasing in the south Hokkaido and Hokuriku regions (Fig. 4). In order to exclude the effect of the macroscale climatic change, the studied area is divided into seven regions from the viewpoint of similarity in long-term change, and the stations in urban and rural areas are compared in each region. As a result it is clearly recognized that increase or decrease of NDSC is related to the square root of population (√P₁₉₇₅) for the cities with a population of more than 50, 000 in all regions, and more closely related with the increase of population (√P₁₉₆₅-√P₁₉₃₅) (Fig. 7 and Fig. 8).
The decrease of NDSC has been remarkably observed in Sapporo since 1940s, in Sendai since 1950s, and for other cities since 1960s (Fig. 9).

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Downslope stone movements were measured on Iide Mountaines from 1977 to 1979. Painted stones were set along the experimental lines on the nonvegetated and debris-mantled slope, with gradient between 21° and 36°, in a nivation hollow near the peak of Mt. Iide (Fig. 1 and Photo 1). After the first setting on October, 1977, displacements of the painted stones were measured repeatedly on September, 1978 and September, 1979.
These measurements revealed that each painted stone was moved 0 to 170cm for a year, and that on each experimental line the movements of the stones, including standing ones, averaged between 0.1 and 3.0cm per year (Table 1). If the stone was moved, generally speaking, the smaller the stone is, the farther likely to be moved.
At some part predominant in fine materials on the experimental lines, especially on the lines 4 and 5, almost all the stones moved somewhat uniformly in small range (below 5cm/yr. in general). On the other hand, some stones often displaced 10cm or more in some tiny rills across the experimental lines. Some great displacements were also found apart from the rills. Small range movements are perhaps due to solifluction, and rather large range movements are due to rill-wash and/or sheet-wash.
At the experimental lines 6 and 7 where crevasses often happen in snow-patch during the ablation season, the painted stones were lost except one probably because of complete destruction of the experimental lines due to snow creep. At the lines 1-5, on the contrary, stone movements dragged by snow creep have not been recognized.

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