Recently, in the West Midlands, the United Kingdom, there has been a significant decline of its economic-and social status. Especially, the circumstances are serious in the Potteries which is a synonym for the city of Stoke-on-Trent, North Staffordshire. The Potteries has a narrowly based economy with an over-reliance on the traditional industries such as pottery manufacture and coal mining, in which 29% of total workers are employed, and yet of which current laborer requirements are declining. These traditional industries are founded largely on the local extraction of natural resources which has produced extensive areas of derelict land such as slag heaps and pit works. The city assumes the unique form of a linear polynuclear structure as a whole, but its conurbation dose not reach maturity, and six original towns are rather separated from each other. As a result of evolution of the area's basic urban structure in the late 19th century and early 20th century, there has been a legacy of areas of pre 1914 age houses with intermixed industrial and commercial premises, often dissected by busy roads. Thus, decadent and inadequate environment stemming from dereliction and non-conforming land use is a serious problem in the urban cores, associated with poor housing conditions.
Therefore, of particular importance will be policies and assistance directed towards broading the economic base of the area specifically by diversifying and expanding the employment structure of the area, as well as improving the living environment such as derelict land reclamation, regulation of mixed land use and improvement of housing. The City Council has enforced a series of the policies to improve the city economy and environment, including the Slum Clearance Programme, the General Improvement Area Programme, the Derelict Land Reclamation Programme, the Sewage Disposal Programme and the Major Roads Programme.
Generally speaking, in many cases of cities with medium size in the United States and Japan, the emphasis of their urban renewal is laid on functional resusciation of their urban centers. However, as concerns urban renewal of the Potteries, the subject is laid on improvement of environment. In this sense, the social welfare policy comes in front of economic policy.
The areal problems of the Potteries have basically been brought as the result of rapid industrialization by extraction of natural resources since the 19th century. If a city has engraved its nature with bequests such as heaps of rubble, old buildings of no use and nonconforming land use through its long history, and if the city reaches the limit of a self-contradiction to its further development, the problems are similar in nature, to those recognized in the Potteries.

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In Japan, the character of the seasonal labor migration under the high economic growth since 1960 differs from that before it. The former was caused by the factors belonging to demands rather than supplies. Its analysis from the standpoint of the supplies must be begun with the discussion of relations between the seasonal labor migration and agriculture types of farms at first. As an object of the above discussion Obanazawa city, Yamagata Prefecture, was chosen.
About 95% of seasonal labor migration households are farm households. Their laboring period is generally six months in winter, from mid-November to mid -April. In Obanazawa city, the percentage of the seasonal labor migration farms increased from 3.6% in 1960 through 54.3% in 1970 to its maximum of 59.4% in 1973. Very much of them engaged in industries such as construction and manufacturing. The number has decreased, however, as to whole seasonal labor migrants and as to those who engaged in manufacturing since 1974. It must have been one of the results of the economic depression in Japan after the “Oil Shock” at the end of 1973.
Some interviews have been given in order to clarify the relation between the seasonal labor migration and the farming in three communtites, Shôgon, Takahashi, and Iwayazawa in Obanazawa.
The results obtained are as follows:
1) The seasonal labor migration farms are found much among the farms of larger size. In contrast, the smaller are almost those “engaged in constant work” and “operating side business”.
2) Among seasonal labor migration farms, some introduce and intensify summer crops as leaf tobacco and water melon, attempting an expansion of their farming. Much of them are seen in Shôgon. In leaf tobacco culture, two works, rearing seedlings and shipment, are in conflict with seasonal labor migration in season. Farmers cultivating leaf tobacco conquer this problem in terms of co-operating and of alternating varieties, and aim at the expansion of their farming.
3) There are others who gradually reduce and cut off lower revenue parts of their farming such as seri-culture, intending for the rice monoculture. Much of them work as manual laborer in the slack season for farmers in summer to get cash income. They are seen mainly in Takahashi and Iwayazawa.
4) There are antipodal trends of the farming among them. The point of sameness, however, is that they adapt their farming to the seasonal labor migration, being premised on the latter.

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Both developed and developing region in the world now face population problems, but their characteristics are undoubtedly of difference each other. In the developed region, as in Japan, population problems are aging of population and uneven distribution of population in a country. While, in the developing region, they are food shortage and problem of natural resources which result in international controversy.
In this paper, the author analyzed population structure, industrial development, and educational level in Singapore which locates in South East Asian developing region.
The results obtained are as follows;
1). Factors of the population growth changed from socal increase to natural increase, and the birth and death rates decreased.
2). As to age structure, ratios of children and adults in the whole population is very large, and recent industrialization has absorbed the latter population as workers.
3). Industrial output increased from 1, 661 million Singapore Dollars in 1960 to 5, 270 million in 1971 and its workers also increased from 33, 000 in 1960 to 145, 000 in 1971.
4). To restrain population growth, family planning has been enforced since 1965, and as well as, social bases for family planning have been filled up. The level of educational attainment has been recently risen.

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In Japan, in the late 16th and the early 17th centuries, many castle towns were newly constructed as political, economic and military centers of feudal territories under city plannings. Sendai was such a case. Exemplified from the case of Sendai, the author intends to analyze the changes in samurai quarters which occupied extensive area in the castle town.
For the analyzing, he compared the two maps in the second half of the 17th century. The size of residential lots generally diminishes in accordance with the distance from the castle. According to the older map, however, there was mixed residential sites of different classes of samurai on the periphery.
The remarkable changes were at the residential areas near the castle and on the periphery. On the periphery, the sites of large houses were subdivided into small units, and upper-class samurai moved to the houses of larger sites located near the castle. At the same time, the lower-class samurai moved further outward, accompanied with the expansion of built-up area. At the residential areas near the castle, a shortage of large houses for the upper-class samurai was brought about. The sites of larger houses were subdivided into the sites of medium size, and small sites were combined to larger sites.
As the result, the house of upper-class samurai were concentrated to the areas near the castle, and the periphery exclusively became the residential areas of lower-class. Thus, the zoning of samurai quarters became clear in the late 17th century when the expansion of castle town stagnated.

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On the basis of topographical maps (Scale 1:50, 000), a morphometric analysis was conducted to make clear the relationships between the altitudinal distribution and the size of existing glaciers in a part of the Punjab Himalayas, India. The study area carrying 118 glaciers stands 5, 000 to 6, 000 metres high in the Great Himalayas. The following eight variables were selected to explain the glacial morphology; a) elevation of the top of mountain behind the glacier, b) elevation of the top of glacier, c) elevation of the terminal of glacier, d) length of glacier, e) area of glacier, f) slope of glacier, g) relative height of glacier, h) relative height between the top of mountain and the top of glacier. Glaciers in this area can be divided into two; glaciers with simple nourishment area (S type) and glaciers with complex nourishment area (C type). The former consists of cirque type glacier (SC type) and valley type glacier (SV type). The latter also consists of cirque type glacier (CC type) and valley type glacier (CV) type). Correlation coefficients of the above variables in each type of glaciers are shown in Tables 3 to 8.
The characteristics of glaciers in this study area may safely be summarized as follows:
1) In all types of glacier, very good correlation is recognized between length and area of glaciers, which is quite acceptable. Positive correlations between the elevation of the top of mountain and the elevation of the top of glacier, and between the elevation of the top of mountain and the elevation of the terminal of glacier, suggest that the higher mountain keeps the glaciers at higher position.
2) In SC and CV types, the elevations of the top of mountain and the terminal of glacier are not significantly correlated with length and area of glaciers. Especially, in the case of SC type the size of glacier is rarely affected with the altitudinal distribution.
3) Regarding C type, the higher mountain nourishes the more extensive glacier. However, the size of glacier is not correlated with the elevation of the terminal of glacier.
In the case of SV type and in the case of S type, the higher mountain keeps the more extensive glacier which spreads the terminal downward, although in general the higher mountain leads the terminal of glacier higher.

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1) A pollen analysis was made on peat materials from ten peat layers in the Holocene Shikayu Formation which is distributed in the area of the Tamagawa hot spring (lat. 39°57′40″N., long. 140°43′50″E.: alt. ca. 770m), Akita Prefecture, to elucidate the history of the Cryptomeria japonica-Fagus crenata forest characterizing the present vegetation in the prefecture.
2) In the pollen diagram three pollen assemblage zones were differentiated as follows.
A) Fagus-Quercus zone (before ca. 5, 000 years B. P.)
B) Fagus-Quercus-Pinus zone (ca. 5, 000-ca. 2, 500 years B. P.)
C) Fagus-Cryptomeria-Pinus zone (after ca. 2, 500 years B. P.)
3) The pollen sequence through each zone suggests the past vegetation as follows. The area were covered with the Fagus crenata forest under cool temperate cimate for ca. 6, 000 years B. P. at latest. About 5, 000 years B. P., however, Pinus parviflofa invaded on the former forest. About 2, 500 years B. P., Cryptomeria japonica rapidly increased under the influence of climatic humidification, when the Cryptomeria japonica-Fagus crenata forest was formed.

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