In the southern part of the Shonai Plain, there are several surfaces of river terraces and terrace-like surfaces. These surfaces are classified and shown in Table and Figure 1.
The Iwanoyama, Etchuyama Settlement and Otori Nursery-garden Surfaces, thus named respectively, are covered with “Tsuruoka Loam” (volcanic ash as eolian deposits), and their surfaces are wavy due to the dissection. A part of the Matsune Surface is covered with secondarily deposited loam. The Matsune and Nakano-shinden Surfaces preserve the flat terrace surfaces.
The Etchuyama Sites are located on the Etchuyama Settlement Surface and Otori Nursery-garden Surface. Stone implements of the Non-ceramic Age are discovered from the level between black soil (humus) and the Tsuruoka Loam.
After all, the writer supposes that the Tsuruoka Loam was derived from the upper Pleistocene Age, and that the time of the formation of the surfaces from the Iwanoyama to the Otori Nursery-garden Surface was the Pleistocene. The Matsune Surface is a landform of slightly elevated fan-like delta formed in the lower Holocene Age.

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In this paper the author discuses problems of the “relative surplus population” in its relation with the population engaged in non-agricultural industry, and the labor structure of farm households holding the surplus population in the Yokote Basin, which is an important rice monocultural area in Tohoku. The sources of the statistical data are the “Table of Basic Survey of the Farm Household Economy in 1958” dealing with the farm economy of 32 typical farm households, and the International Agricultural Census of 1960. The following are the conclusion.
The number of the “relative surplus population” of a farmhousehold may be gained by calculating the difference between the number of persons engaged in farming and the quotient of the average agricultural receipts per a farm household to the average income per worker employed in the secondary industry. The “surplus ratio of farmers”, which means the ratio of the number of the “relative surplus population” to the number of persons engaged in agriculture in a farm household, is about 60 percent in the case of the farm households with less than 1.0 hectare of the cultivated land, 19 percent in the case of the farm households with more than 2 hectares and 40 percent on an average of total farm households. “The surplus ratio of farm household members” is the difference from 100%, of the ratio of the average income of a farm household per labour force employed in industries, both in agriculture and non-agriculture, to average income per worker engaged in the second ary industry. The ratio is 43 percent in the case of farm households with less than 1.0 hectare of cultivated land, and 7 percent in the case of the farm household with more than 2 hectares. And it is estimated to be 35 percent on an average of total farm householde. In general, the smaller the scale of farm households is, the higher the former ratio is.
The latter ratio shows the highest value in the case of the form households with 1.5 hectares of the cultivated land. However, the people emmigrated from this area to another area are very few. As a matter of fact, the ratio of “the ratio of the numbers of the immigrants to the numbers of the labour force of the farm households” to “the surplus ratio of farm household members” is one-half in the case of the farm households with more than 2 hectares of their cultivated land, whereas in the case of the farm households with less than 1.5 hectares it shows only one-sixth or one-seventh. As a whole, the number of the farm households exclusively engaged in agriculture is decreasing remarkably, and the number of the farm households engaged in subsidiary occupations has increased in the last five years in this district. And it is an interesting fact that in the case of the farm households with 1.0-1.5 hectares of the cultivated land the number of the farm households exclusively engaged in agriculture decreased, though they keep the largest relative surplus population. They are engaged in such subsidiary occupation as day labourers rather than as office clerks, teachers and the workers employed in the manufacturing industry in general. There are small labour markets in such cities as Omagari, Yokote and Kamioka in the central part of the Yokote basin, and farm household members have chances to be employed in stable side jobs. On the other hand, in the circumferential area of the basin they are in the difficult condition to get stable side jobs, except in firewood and charcoal production or special seasonal labour. Under these circumstances, the petty farmers can depend only upon non-agricultural receipts from their subsidiary occupations, and they have much troublein earning their livelihood.

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Fukui Prefecture is a famous area of textile industry in Japan, and Fukui city is the center of the industry in the prefecture.
In this paper, the authors analyse the distribution of textile mills and dealers in the textiles in Fukui city in 1909, 1929, 1937, 1949 and 1959 respectively.
1909 : The modern silk industry had developed since about 1890, and its distribution pattern was fundamentally formed by 1909.
1929 : The textile industry made a remarkable development. However, the relative importance of the silk-textile industry decreased owing to the noticiable development of the rayon-textile industry, and both industries were almost equal in production.
1937 : The total production of rayon-and silk-fabrics reached to the highest level in its developing process.
1949 : Fuki city has experienced two tragedies, the damages by the fire due to the world war II in 1945, and the earth-quake in 1948. As a result of it, the textile industry had dwindled and the production declined. In 1949, the reconstruction of the industry had just started its first step.
1959 : The textile industry has gradually been developing and the synthetic fabric mills have appeared.
The dealers in the silk fabrics had been located at the central part of the city, to the west of the old castle. This area was the living area of merchants or the high class soldiers in the old feudal age. On the other hand, the silk-fabric production had been managed by the low class soldiers in the old feudal age, and they lived at the fringe of the old castle town located around the trading area and the living area of the high class soldiers. In 1909, the textile mills were also distributed in this area, with a dispersed pattern.
The distribution pattern of silk-fabric industry has not remarkably changed in the process of its development, though the textile industry has experienced the introduction of the new kinds of fabrics and the severe damages by the fire owing to the war and the earth-quake. However, the trends of the concentration of the dealers into the central commercial area and the centrifugal movement of textile mills to the outskirts of the city have been becoming more apparent. Nowadays, there are few mills in the central part of the city, due to the movement of the textile mills.

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The purpose of this paper is to investigate the present status of agricultural land use in Sendai city and its environs and from the status to inquire into the trend of urbanization there.
The author uses the area of arable land and the ratio of rice field to total farm per farm household in the object area as the measure of this study.
First, the author classifies the area and the ratio of arable land into five stages.
The area of arable land per farm household. (tan)
The ratio of rice fields to total cultivated land. (%)
Next the author divides the object area into four circles (centering) around the city center as given in Table 1.
The main combinations of the each stage in the area of arable land and the one in the ratio seen in each circle are as follows.
1st circle A₁ 2nd circle A₁ A₂ B₁ C₂ D₂ E₁ E₂ 3rd circle A₃ A₄ C₃ C₄ D₃ D₄ E₃ 4th circle A₅ B₅ C₅ D₅ E₅
Gothic prints mean the especially dominat types of the combinations in each circle, and the typical trend of urbanization in the object area is shown as the following; D₅-D₄-D₃-C₂-A₁

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