A valley-head area, where a stream is elongating towards watershed, is composed of the following five micro-landform units: Crest slope, Side slope, Head hollow, Head floor, and Channelway; which is followed with Bottomland (Fig. 1). The conclusion is drawn from the study on landscapes of some hill-lands in eastern Japan (Fig. 2) and may be applicable to the whole hilislopes with adequate soil and vegetation cover in humid temperate zone.
Hydrological conditions and present geomorphic processes prevailing in each micro-landform unit are listed in Tab. 2. The conditions and processes are inducible from characteristic surface features and soil morphology of each unit. The induction is supported with knowledge in slope hydrology, especially with facts and theories concerning throughflow (Fig. 3).
These processes are considered to be not generative but modificatory agent to a valley-head. Somewhat catastrophic processes such as large landslide (with about 10³m³ of debris), which is also provoked with throughflow, may be concerned with outbreak of a new valley-head. It is suggested with morphological and stratigraphic evidences in some micro-landform units.
The extent and proportion of each unit in a valley-head area may reflect the total morphogenetic condition of the area. Especially interzonal comparison of the distance between the headmost divide and the point of Channelway initiation (modified 1₀ of Horton) must be significant from a climato-geomorphological viewpoint.

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According to the synoptic situations the author examined the concentration positions of weather divide during winter months along six east-west orientated valley profiles in Northeastern Honshu. Then the difference of positions and frequencies of weather divide occurring were explained by the influence of surrounding topographic features. Here the weather divide is defined as the easternmost limit of precipitation more than 1.0mm per day along each valley profile.
Two categories of synoptic situation were adopted: air flow type and wind velocity of 850mb surface at Akita. As the flow types relevant to this research NW, WNW, W and WSW flow types were selected, and concerning wind velocity four classes were set up.
In each profile the concentration position of weather divide appears in a different way according to air flow type and wind velocity.
The results are summarized as follows:
1) Along the profiles having a single watershed appear two or three concentration positions, in general, closely with each other on the leeward slope, and an exception, when the windward massive highland exerts an effect blocking the air flow in a definite flow direction, another concentration position appears between the highland and the watershed.
2) Along the profiles having main and secondary watersheds (the lower secondary one on the leeside of the main watershed), two or three concentration positions appear in case of NW, WNW and W flow types as follows:
Without the above blocking effect, they appear near the main watershed and on both slopes of the secondary one.
With the above blocking effect, they appear near the main watershed and on the wind-ward slope of the secondary one with a few exceptions.
With the strong blocking effect, they appear on both slopes of the main watershed.
In case of WSW flow type, the concentration positions appear as follows:
Without the above blocking effect, they appear only near the secondary watershed.
With the strong blocking effect, appear no obvious concentration positions.

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Some geographers tend to confuse two different market areas; the buying market area of retailers, and the market area of wholesaling. Purchasing activity of retailers and selling activity of wholesalers are different each other in the business relations between merchants in the collection and distribution of goods. According to the analysis of the buying behavior of retailers in Miyagi Prefecture, wholesalers are not always the vendors selling for retailers, who are not always same as the vendees buying only from wholesalers. Therefore, two kinds of customers involved are not directly related each other, and the volume of transaction in their market areas is not equivalent between them (Tables 1 and 2). Neither, the two types of market areas are areally coincident (Tables 3 and 4).
Cities as the centers of the buying markets in respect to collection of goods by retailers are classified into three categories. The retailers in cities in Miyagi Prefecture purchase most of non-standardized goods in fashion such as some of personal belongings, clothing and shoes from Tokyo, the national economic center. The initiators of the distribution of goods of this type are some of wholesalers and department stores.
In the cases of durable consumer goods with nationwide known brands such as house-hold electrical appliances and bicycles and some of general consumer goods with widely known brands such as medicaments and cosmetics, many retailers purchase the goods from Sendai as a regional center of national network of distribution.
Many retailers dealing with perishable foodstuffs and standardized general consumer goods purchase the goods from Sendai and other small cities where the retailers are located.
However, the functional order of cities, in which vendors selling goods for retailers are located, can not be set by means of the classification of cities into three categories mentioned above. For the purpose of measuring the functional order or hierarchy of cities in relation to whole structure of circulation, it is necessary further to study the function of cities in each step of distribution channel concerning each type of goods.

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The writer analyzed various aspects of location of the retail businesses in Miyagi prefecture for the period of 1960 to 1970 on the basis of changes in the distribution of employees in retail businesses. The results from this study are as follows;
(1) The number of employees in retail business increased in both areas where the population as a whole increased, and also where the population decreased.
(2) The changes in the distribution of retail employees may be correlated, more or less, to the rapid development of commerce, manufacturing industries and services, and also it has much to do with increased number of cars passing through the prefecture.
(3) Retail employees increased remarkably in regions along the main national highways, in which several kinds of services related to autombiles, and manufacturing industries newly developed. They increased also in regions along Sanriku coast and mountainous regions where the number of tourists increased during this period of 1960 to 1970.
(4) Some cities experienced also increase in retail employees resulted from growing demands for such goods as furniture, automobiles, books and sport facilities.
(5) Past locational structure of retail businesses in Miyage prefecture has changed because of their rearrangement into larger regions due to the progress of motorization, in a way which was once observed in U. S. A.

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The object of this paper is to clarify the regional characteristics that distinguish eastern Japan from western Japan concerning cocoon production in the early stages of Japan's economic development. The analysis will be proceeded bearing in mind that once raw silk was one of the most important exports from Japan until the early Showa era, and the expansion of the cocoon was encouraged to increase silk exports.
First, the author attempts to outline the development of sericulture prefecture by prefecture. Some typical patterns of changes in the acreage of mulberry fields are depicted in Figure 1. Prefectures in the western Japan generally show relatively large fluctuations, and also the growth of mulberry fields. When the letters p, a and y stand for annual growth rate of the cocoon output, area of mulberry fields and land productivity respectively, p≈a+y
These figures are shown in Table 3. The rapid increase of the cocoon production in the western prefectures, clearly depends on both a and y. Whereas p-values of the eastern prefectures are smaller than that of the west and are largely dependent on y. The need to increase the acreage devoted to mulberry fields led to a decrease in that for ordinary food production while technical progress brought some increase in productivity. As mixed result of these two factors, the total output of food declined only a little.
Secondly, the regional differences of the data used for the estimation of production function are examined by means of the discriminant function. The results shown in Table 5 prove the possibility of discrimination of the two regions.
Finally, estimates of the production functions are made for the two regions (Table 6). The analysis of these results leads to the following conclusions.
(a) The output elasticity of land in the eastern region is very low and not different from zero significantly. On the other hand, that of the western region is about 0.34, a rather high value. The elasticity of labour is also high in the west (.47) and low in the east (.17).
(b) The sericulture in the western region is considered to be characteristic of the production of more labour intensity and of higher cost. As pointed out in the previous studies, there was a large number of small scale sericultural farmers in the western region which provided large part of increasing cocoon supply to the silk-manufacturing industry.
(c) The rates of summer and autumn rearing and shoot rearing may be treated as shift variables of the production function.

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In this paper the author made some theoretical approach to development and extension through analysis of the process of urbanization of Niigata City after the World War II. She has explained such facts through the comparison of real land price and nominal one.
1. In civic center, high land value prevents the construction of new houses of middle class citizens, while high class apartments have begun to break into this area.
2. Before Niigata Earthquake in 1964, the site of the public housing estates took the lead in the advance of urban front. The construction of the public houses worked to promote the fullness of the traffic service and municipal facilities, which made a motivation to the construction of private houses.
But owing to the rapid rise of land price, people in need of land had much difficulty to get it. There is a keen increse of the ratio of the tenants in civic center, and lowering of standard of newly built houses in the suburbs.

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A classification of the types of urbanization is offered as follows;
Urbanization {Positive urbanization Negative urbanization {Normal urbanization Pseudo-urbanization Quasi-urbanization
The criteria of the classification are increase of population, enlargement of the built-up area, and their causes.
Negative urbanization shows the decrease of population and the reduction of built-up area of the city. Pseudo-urbanization is characterized by the built-up area enlarged considerably by the increase of the number of families because of the change in the family size, although the population is stagnant or slightly increases. With respect to quasi-urbanization, the population increases due to immigrants pushed out from rural ara or inflow of refugees. Then slums break out remarkably in this type.

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