In the valley of the Mabechi river in Aomori Prefecture, there is an intensive horticultural area near San-no-he. In this area the culture of apples and vegetables is dominant, characterizing this area from the adjacent areas in the eastern part of Aomori Prefecture. The agricultural land use at the area is rapidly changing in accordance with the development of commercial farming. The author shows the change in two land use maps in 1914 and 1962 (Fig. 4 and Fig. 5), and analyses the factors of the change of agricultural land use.
In the shipping of the farm products, there developed a characteristic dual system. They ship apples to Tokyo market through cooperative system on the one hand, and they also sell apples and vegetables to local markets at San-no-he and Ken-yoshi as their own speculation on the other hand.
Although in San-no-he area the average size of cultivated land is small, the majority of the farmers are exclusively engaged in farming, and this special form of shipment of their products is operated effectively to keep their farm economy.

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The distance is one of the main factors which affect the amount of migration. By use of the regression equation, the author analyzed the relationship between the distance and the amount of migration involved in the case of internal migration in Japan.
The in-migration to four main population centers - Tokyo, Osaka, Aichi and Fukuoka - from other prefectures is affected by the distance in such a way as is shown by the equation of Y= aX^-b, where Y is the rate of in-migration, X is the distance, and a and b are constants. The same equation is applicable to the out-migration from a rural prefecture to other prefectures. The two cases are different in the values of “b”. The value of “b” in the case of in-migration is about 1.0, while it is about 2.0 in the case of out-migration. This contrast may be attributed to the difference of the factors which motivated the migration. That is, the in-migration to population centers is mainly caused by the economic reasons and out-migration from rural prefectures to nearby areas is mainly caused by social reasons.

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The author applied the granulometric and morphoscopic analysis to the samples of beach sand collected at 26 localities with intervals of about 2 km on the “estran” along the Rumoi coast. The results of these experiments, shown in figures 3 to 5, are summarized as follows:
Generally, the beach sands are concentrated in medium grades in composition of grain size, and the median diameters (Md∅) are 1.0 to 2.0 in ∅ scale, so the mean gradient on the estran retains a very gentle slope of 4 to 8 degrees. Unlike fluvial sands, they have a high sorting index (Pd∅) of 0.61 on the average. Judging from these facts, it seems that the distribution of beach sands is commonly controlled by the sieving action of breakers.
The roundness of beach sands is 0.36 on the average in medium size, tends to the intermediate grade between river and dune sands. At any rate, the classification of the four types of quartz grains based on the Cailleux's method, points out the marine origin of EL type more than 30% in contents, yet RM grains originated from dune and beach-dune ridge are simultaneously contained in the beach sands.

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The U. S. Department of Agriculture, Bureau of Chemistry and Soils has devided the land of the U. S. A. into twelve soil types in zonal soil groups. According to the soil types, the best farming soils are the prairies soils of the middle west and gray-brown podzolic soils to the east of the prairies.
The writer had an opportunity to observe the soil profiles in Howard County of the prairies on the west side of the gray-brown podzolic soil region. The prairies are covered by loess. Loess is a silty, windblown deposit during glacial times which at the time of its deposition was mineralogically rich. Its presence in Howard County accounts for most of the better upland soils. Thickest deposits are around Glasgow and in a narrow band following the Missouri River bluffs. The loess thins to the east and north but, even so, most ridgetop soils in north-eastern part are formed of a thin mantle of loess over glacial till. The thicker the loess mantle, the less weathered is the soil and the less clay in the subsoil. The loess has been eroded from most slopes, but is found on increasingly steeper slopes as one approaches the river hills. Generally speaking, on the slope and in the river and river bottomlands, the surface soils and also subsoils are leached showing gray-white or gray-brown colour in the soil profiles, which can be classified into podzolic soils. Even in the prairies, the river bottomlands under circumstances of the humidity, and the thin mantle of loess, will be podzolized in the soil profiles.
The writer's thanks are due to Prof. W. D. Keller of the Institute of Geology, Prof. C. E. Marshall of the Institute of Soil Science and Dr. Caldwell of the Counsellor to the Foreign Students of the University of Missouri, for their help and suggestions, and he also appreciates the kind help he received in his field work from Mr. Rae of the Soil Conservation Committee and Mr. Mann from the same county.

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