We documented tree species compositions and stand structures that developed naturally in 11-, 16-, 21-, 26- and 31-year-old teak (Tectona grandis L.) monoculture plantations in the Bago Mountains, Myanmar. Vegetation was surveyed in three sample sites located in reforestation areas. Within randomly deployed quadrats, we recorded tree species, top heights and diameters at breast height (dbh) for all individuals with dbh values ?4 cm. We identified 72 tree species across stand ages and found indicator species that were characteristic of mixed deciduous forests in the region. Calculated average Shannon-Wiener index values for the three sample sites showed that tree diversities were similar in the secondary forests studied. Associated tree regeneration accounted for 34?54% of planted stand densities and 19?38% of basal areas across the plantation chronosequence.

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This study was conducted in a Zotung village in southern Chin State, Myanmar. The number of households practicing swidden agriculture decreased over the past decade (2003?2013) by 50%, as 20% of the total populations out-migrated for better job opportunities. Additionally, most households (46% of respondents) began to engage in gardening, animal husbandry, and vegetable farming. As a result, the area of swidden agriculture decreased. By applying the existing land-use data and established allometries as a function of aboveground biomass (AGB) against fallow age, the pattern of total AGB accumulation was obtained. A clear increase in AGB was observed over a complete rotation. Out-migration of households/individuals and the development of alternative income sources resulted in the transition of swidden agriculture. Consequently, further biomass regrowth can be expected in the village.

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To analyze land use strategies to minimize soil degradation, effects of land use change on soil organic matter cycles were investigated in primary forest, Macaranga forest and Acacia mangium forest, alang-alang grassland, and palm oil plantation in Bukit Soeharto Experimental Forest in East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Soil C stock was smallest in palm oil plantation, while it was largest in grassland, Macaranga forest, and Acacia mangium forest. The cellulose tests (incubation of filter paper in surface soil) showed rapid decomposition in grassland and palm oil plantation. The decomposition of organic matter was faster in two secondary forests than in primary forest. The greater soil C stock in secondary forest and grassland is attributable to large input of fire-derived char. Soil C stock in palm oil plantation is decreasing due to rapid mineralization and erosion.

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The sustainability of tropical rainforests needs to be discussed from the perspectives of resource utilization and local people’s lifestyles. The research objective is to clarify the social system surrounding timber utilization with respect to the inheritance and sale of wooden houses in addition to their repair and reconstruction in the coastal community of East Kalimantan, Indonesia. Their house inheritance norms are bilateral. The youngest child often inherits their parents’ house because they are the last in their family to build their own. The sale of these houses is often done between parents and children, relatives, and acquaintances. About ten houses are repaired and three are rebuilt every year. With regards to house repairs, the foundation timber is rarely replaced, and about 50% of the other is reused. Several used timber is transferred to neighbors for reuse. These results demonstrate long-term timber utilization and a sustainable approach for using resources effectively.

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Palihakkara I.R¹,², A.J.Mohommad², INOUE Makoto²
Fuelwood plays an important role as an energy source for Sri Lanka’s key industries such as tea factories, small to medium scale industries. By collecting data from these fuelwood users, this study explores fuelwood supply chains to users and identifies problems faced and futurity of fuelwood users around 20 km radios distance from Marginal tea plantations (MTP) in Matara and Badulla Districts. The result showed Tea factories are major user of fuelwood while main supply are from private sector. Major problems identified are price inflation of fuelwood, scarcity of preferred species in MTP, small quantity and fragmented supply from MTP, inaccessibility of local fuelwood sources for users as well as middle men and collection of legally prohibited species. Due to these problems, industries are either totally or partially being replaced by other energy sources such as electricity or to fossil fuel in future.

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This research proposes and empirically tests a framework that integrates concepts of community resilience and social-ecological system (SES) resilience on community forestry case studies. The framework provides a possible approach for assessing community resilience based on the development and allocation of socio-cultural, economic, and natural capital of individual households within a given forest community.
This study takes community forestry groups as a case of an SES in which the community is an important stakeholder in managing natural forest capital resources. The selected case study sites are pioneer Community-Based Forest Management Program (CBFM) communities in the Philippines. The CBFM group members exhibit moderate levels of resilience on the average according to the acquired levels of capital, thus the CBFM program has a positive effect in increasing socio-cultural and natural capital of an entire community although economic capital remains weakest.

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Van (forest) Panchayats (VPs) are self-initiated forest protection groups in the Uttarakhand state of India. The system of VP was originated in conflicts between people and the state government for control over forest resources at the beginning of 20th century. However, there has been quantitative and qualitative decline of the dense and well-managed forests at VP practice.
This study clarify the VP management and utilization of resources based on semi-structured interviews with people and the type of forest in the villages in 2013-2014. The management committee (MC) which was assumed to be active and successful, revealed that the villagers were satisfied with the current situation in the VP, in particular for the utilization of firewood and in maintaining their livelihood. Our case study indicates a collaborative and adaptive management as the characteristics of a high-performing MC.

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There are concerns about conflicts over forest management and negative impacts on local communities due to the implementation of REDD+. This study aimed to compare different backgrounds and implementations of KFCP in two villages in Indonesia, and thereby to discuss the problem of REDD+ in local communities. In M village, KFCP activities were shut down due to a conflict among the local people, who suspected corruption in the village government and in the selection of participants. In K village, where almost all households joined the activities, the economic disparity was narrow. Based on a comparison of the two villages, it was indicated that equal and cooperative relationships in K village promoted collective decisions and actions. However, it could also be said that the implementation in each of the local communities was not sufficiently flexible. We therefore concluded it would be necessary to establish a feedback system to reflect implementation options from local communities.

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Recently, large-scale land deals, investments, and acquisitions, called “land grab”, are rapidly increasing. It has a positive viewpoint that it can be utilized as an opportunity for developments. On the other hand there are concerns that privatization and accumulation of lands devastate small-scale farming and rural livelihoods. This study focused on forest and wood products utilization licenses and investigated current situation of land grab in state forest area in Indonesia through the related statistical data and legal instruments. The most licensed areas were designated for logging natural forests and establishing industrial plantations. The licenses less than hundred thousand hectares represented large percentage of the natural forests’ and plantations’ ones. However, few companies have been holding large-scale forest lands and some have been holding plural licenses as a group. It revealed that accumulation of forest lands has been progressed by the companies’ groups.

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Policy and legislative mechanisms concerning Sustainable Forest Management (SFM) in Myanmar have been in place and gradually evolved since 1856. In 1995 Myanmar could adopt a forest policy that addresses existing issues and reflects changing social and environmental needs of the country in a sustainable manner. In line with the international initiatives to monitor, assess and report on the social, technical, ecological and economic sustainability of forest management, Myanmar has also developed its own set of criteria and indicators (C&I) for SFM. The C&I initially identified in 1996 and subsequently revised are now to be put to the test for effective implementation. This presentation describes the background of the development the forest policy, C&I and other relating policy instruments in Myanmar, and present status of forest management system.

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REDD+ is an approach to reduce deforestation and forest degradation, using economic incentives. The need for safeguards has emerged to prevent negative social and environmental impacts because of over-emphasis of these economic incentives. In addition to the UNFCCC's official efforts, voluntary activities (initiatives) have attempted to formulate principles, criteria, indicators and guidelines. We clarify the elements to enhance social safeguards and discuss what kinds of initiative is the most-to-least the elements. We review literature about SEPC, SESA and REDD+SES initiatives. We find that benefit-sharing is an important aspect of social safeguards, and that more discussion is needed to enhance initiatives. REDD+SES has received little criticism in literature to date and has the best-covered elements including “benefit-sharing” in the three initiatives. At the same time, practical experience and identification of problems and solutions are advantage of SEPC and SESA.

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