The science of living environment has recently been recognized as a new discipline. The systematic organization of this new science requires intensive researches on its historical background. The purpose of this paper is to review literatures on environmental studies written before the emergence of living environment science as a new discipline.
It is found that not only in Japan but also in the west, problems concerning living environments tended to be explored as issues in the field of public health science. Aganist this historical background it may be understood why since 1945 the course on housing sanitation has been offered as a part of the carriculum desingned for the Housing majors at Nara Women's University.
The science of living environment is a part of the science of environment and it shoud be treated as an independent research branch.

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The effects of NaCl, CaCl₂, MgCl₂ and lipids on the foamability of mattya were investigated. Four grams of mattya in 80 ml of distilled and deionized water (50t) were homogenized with a hand mixer for 4 min with and without NaCl, CaCl₂ or MgCl₂. The foamability was measured by the volume of foam produced. Compared with nondefatted mattya, defatted mattya had five times as much foam, the specific gravity of the foam being three times higher. The addition of 0.05 % NaCl to defatted mattya and 0.5% NaCl to nondefatted mattya produced the best foamability. The addition of CaCl₂ and MgCl₂ each decreased the foamability.

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An extraction method was investigated to produce chicken soup stock with high quality and good preservation characteristics. The soup stock was extracted with or without ultrasonication from chicken bone in hot water (pH 5) containing such sour materials as glucono-δ-lactone (GDL), acetic acid, lactic acid, and ethanol. The soup containing sour materials and ethanol had Bacillus and Micrococcus pasteurized by 30 min of heating irrespective of the ultrasonication treatment, this soup being preservable for up to 28 days. Although the brightness and transparency of the soup containing the sour materials was markedly increased, the content of taste substances in this soup was slightly less than that of the soup without the sour materials. Soup containing GDL and ethanol extracted with ultrasonication for 30 min contained the same amount of free amino acids and inosinic acid as the soup extracted without ultrasonication for 90 min. A sensory evaluation indicated that the former soup had a very weak odor of chicken bone and also possessed the taste of chicken.

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Experiments were performed to differentiate the properties of several newly developed rice varieties aimed to increase the consumption of domestically grown rice in Japan. Basmati long-grain aromatic rice, low- and high-amylose content rices, high yield, and giant grain rices were examined. The water absorption rate, cooked properties, taste evaluation by a multiple-regression analysis, and degree of gelatinization by the β-amylase-pullulanase method were each determined. The physical properties of the cooked rice were determined by a Tensipresser, and the taste characteristics by a sensory evaluation.
Measurement of the texture by Tensipresser of a variety of rices produced different compression ratios, indicating a range of values for the surface and whole grain firmness and for the adhesiveness. A determination of the work rate by a multiple-bite test gave a small value for Hoshiyutaka high-amylose rice and a large value for Dohoku 43 low-amylose rice. It is considered that this data is relates to the firmness and stickiness in the mouth. The degree of gelatinization of cooked high-amylose rice measured by the β-amylase-pullulanase (BAP) method decreased with increasing cold storage. It was found that increasing the amount of water for cooking high-amylose rice (Hoshiyutaka) increased the softness and slightly increased the stickiness. Appropriate methods of preparation thus enable these rice varieties to be used for different kinds of rice dishes due to their varied characteristic properties to meet the changing consumer preferences in Japan.

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Gray scale image analysis was applied to evaluate visual textures of 11 kinds of knitted fabric patterns. The angular second moment, contrast, correlation and entropy extracted from the gray level co-occurrence matrix were measured as textural feature parameters. The fractal dimension was determined from the fractal analysis of the relief of the curved surface of the gray level image. Complexity and fineness of textural patterns of knitted fabrics were subjectively evaluated according to the rating scale method, and the relationship between their sensory evaluation values and the textural feature parameters containing the fractal dimension was examined. The entropy, angular second moment and contrast have a good correlation with complexity, and the fractal dimension has a high correlation with fineness. Surface appearance and visual textures of knitted fabric patterns were discussed in terms of uniformity, directionality, local variation, information quantity, complexity and fineness, corresponding to human visual perception. We proposed that these visual feature parameters are useful for the appearance evaluation of textures and textile design.

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Although research on the patterns of fabrics is done frequently, studies in which the conditions of composing patterns are regularly changed are few and far between. In order to construct a model for plaid pattern, 12 samples of two-color schemes combining deep and pale same-color systems (blue, red and yellow systems), were made regularly, and their visual characteristics were compared and investigated.
In this study, each pattern sample was made using a combination of two of three selected stripe widths in golden section, and pale and deep shades of one of three colors, following the ITOI creator design system.
For evaluating the samples, sensory tests were carried out using the SD method. In addition, thecolors were measured, and the relative lightness and relative chroma for the samples were calculated. Thus their relations to the sensory evaluation were investigated. The results are as follows :
1) As to the relation of the relative lightness and the relative chroma for the 12 samples (within a same-color system) of the plaids, the blue and red systems showed high correlation, but in the yellowsystem, no correlation was observed. The blue system showed a positive correlation, and the red systemshowed a negative correlation. In this way, the difference of the attributes of colors was observed according to the color systems.
2) By using the SD method, it was determined that colors affected sensory evaluation rather than the pattern designs.
3) In the blue system, the difference among the samples was large for the item related to thebrightness of the sensory evaluation. In the red system, the range that the relative chroma can take was wide, and for the item related to the vividness of the sensory evaluation, the difference among thesamples was clear.
4) As a result of analyzing the main components of 12 items for colors, the red and yellow systems showed similar tendencies, while those for blue were different.

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The relationship between the compression properties in thickness direction and the optimum amount of ease for waist belts was investigated. A nylon stiffener 2.5 cm wide was wrapped in 41 fabrics with different compression properties measured by a KES-FB3 tester. Sixty-one women aged 18 to 26 wore these belts, and the wearers were asked to judge how well the waist belts fit. Waist ease is the difference between the belt length and the waist girth of the wearer.
The ratio of ease to the waist girth of the wearer at good fit, E_g, varied according to the compression properties of the belt materials. The contribution values, Z_i, were calculated by applying regression analysis to E_g as a quadratic function of the characteristic values in the compression property of the waist belts and the waist girth of the wearer. The thicker the waist belt the larger the E_g was. The more energy the waist belt required for compression, the smaller E_g became. Considering the differences among individuals, with the same waist belt, a person with a slender waist needed more ease than a person with a larger waist.
A prediction equation for E_g was derived using the waist belt thickness (logT_o) and the waist girth of the wearer, and the validity of the equation was confirmed.

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This study analyzed the changes brought about to consciousness of residents concerning dwelling and other life conditions after the latest Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake, and then we intend to consider what life style should be.
The residents we observed live in apartments owned by the Housing and Urban Development Corporation at five places in Kobe and its adjacent cities, Nishinomiya, Takarazuka and Amagasaki which were all disaster stricken by the earthquake. In this first paper we are to clarify difficult living conditions suffered by the residents just after the earthquake.
The results are as follows :
People were busily engaged from just after the earthquake in supplying drinking water, food and other daily necessities which had not been stored for emergency use. The most difficult problems was the shortage of life sustaining water. There were also other difficulties such as the inconvenience arising from the stoppage of elevators and feelings of insecurity and stress on the part of the residents dwelling at higher floors of high-rise apartments. It is necessary to consider the solutions for these problems on planning urban high-rise dwelling.
Most older couples, older single people and families having school-age children took refuge in regional public shelters or stayed at home as they were anxious to keep close to their neighbourhood communities.
Most people were provided with drinking water, food and other daily necessities, living space by their relatives and friends. On the whole enough support was not given by government bodies and volunteer groups. It is necessary to try to augment government support and to keep ready an emergency volunteer support system.
Neighbourhood community play important role at emergency, providing such support as rescue activities, transportation and distribution of water, delivery of information, etc.

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This is the second report of studies analyzing people's daily life and consciousness in the disaster-stricken areas in the latest Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake and considering the daily life to be in the future. In this report, we clarified the changes of dwelling life and residents' values to various aspects of life by disaster damage.
The results are as follows :
Residents' sense of value concerning human relationships, nature, culture and living style filled with so many things was influenced by Hanshin-Awaji Earthquake. Especially, consciousness concerning families, friends and human relationship was most strongly influenced.
Residents certainly have begun to pay more attention to setting and arrangement of living goods after the earthquake. However, there are some impractical actions such as setting furniture out of bedroom and arranging furniture in one room due to a limitation of living floor space. Furthermore a lot of people are not yet prepared enough against the disaster to fix furniture and home electric appliances, because they live in rental houses, lack of knowledge of procedures and feel reluctant to fix furniture. It is necessary that makers and governments have to take measures to meet with that situation.
Many people are inclined toward “simple life” at least with respect to their consciousness in the immediate post-disaster stage, but there are not many people who are practicing “simple life.” It is about time we changed the concept of wealth.

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Hospitality means “the reception and entertainment of guests, visitors of strangers with liberality and good will” (the Oxford English Dictionary).
After adopting this meaning, the hospitality industry includes food services, lodging services, and travel and tourism services.
During the past two decades, hospitality education has developed under the influence of the rapidly growing industry in the United States. In the early 1970s, there were approximately 40 four-year college programs offering a bachelor's degree in hospitality management in the United States. There are now approximately 390 hospitality education programs offering an associate degree, 320 with a bachelor's degree, and 60 with a master's and Ph. D. degree.
We describe the curricula of hospitality management courses in New York University, the University of Tennessee, and Kansas State University which all have good reputations as national leaders in hospitality education.

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The purpose of this paper is to consider the characteristics of women's purchasing behavior of clothes on remote islands (Hachijojima and Aogashima). In order to compare purchasing behavior of clothes with that of women living on the mainland, we sent out questionnaires to women aged 18 to 39 years old living on two remoto islands and on the mainland. The results were as follows :
1) The time spent watching television, which is of the telecommunication media system, on the remoto islands is remarkably longer than on the main island. We also found that the number of young people buying and reading newspapers, which are of the transportation media system, was smaller.
2) Women living on the remoto islands spend little money on clothes throughout the year.
3) Concerning the selection of clothes, women living on the mainland attach importance to their appearance. On the other hand, on the remoto islands women think a great deal about function and availability.

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