The problem of long working hours in Japan has drawn international attention. This report aims to analyze the time spent on socio-cultural activities by urban male employees and their wives and their attitudes toward free time and their actual use of it.
In October 1985, we, the authors conducted a survey on time use among 150 employed married couples living in Tama New Town, Tokyo, over a period of 3 days, including one weekday, one Saturday and one holiday. The findings are analyzed here and the answers to questionnaires administered during that period, particularly on their attitudes toward free time are also discussed.
The men's time spent on socio-cultural activities on weekdays averages approximately 2 hr, and is greatly affected by the length of their paid work time. Estimates of weekly time spent on socio-cultural activities are 21-23 hr for men, and a broader range of different times for women, depending on their work status and type of employment. Unemployed wives are estimated to have 35 hr per week, and those fully employed, 17 hr. Time spent on socio-cultural activities is further divided into three categories : i.e., time spent on individual development, time spent with family, and time spent on community and society activities. The distribution ratios of these three categories for both men and wives showed a structural identity of 60-70, 20 and 10 %, respectively. The men, although possessing relatively little free time, on the whole also had a low demand for it.

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In our previous paper we reported that the Sample Value obtained by discriminant analysis of eight measured items of physical properties makes an useful way to show the textural difference of cooked fish meat. This conclusion was obtained by using five species of fresh fish purchased at fish market.
In the present study, we have used the same species as in the previous study, i.e., skipjack, flying fish, common horse mackerel, plaice and channel rock fish. There were stored at 4°C for 14 days, and measured the eight items in the same manner as reported previously. The Sample Values calculated out of the measured data distributed mostly in a range of the previous results. The same tendency was found regardless of the freshness of fish.
Comparison of the asteroid diagram patterns was also proved useful to demonstrate the textural difference of the fish. Each species gave a characteristic pattern, and the difference of the patterns between 2 day stored samples and 7 day stored samples was negligibly small as compared with the among species difference.

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Enzymatically modified gelatin (EMG) has been prepared by covalently introducing the hydrophobic L-leucine n-dodecyl ester to a hydrophilic protein by the use of papain. The product was evaluated as a tofu improver.
EMG was added to an aqueous suspension of homogenized swollen soybean. The suspension was boiled and then filtered to obtain soybean milk. EMG as well as a sucrose ester of fatty acid (SE) increased a solid content of the soybean milk. While gelatin hydrolysate (GH) prepared under the same condition except attachment of leucine n-dodecyl ester did not show any effect.
At coagulation of soybean milk, the use of EMG was effective in reducing the amount of adhesion to a mold. Tofu prepared with EMG at 1 % (w/v) was large both in weight and volume, and soft, like as that prepared with SE.
The appearance of tofu prepared with EMG was not significantly different from that of tofu prepared without any improver and the former was smoother in the texture than the latter. When EMG was added to 11 and 7 S protein rich fractions, storage moduli (G′) and loss moduli (G″) of the former were not affected, while those of the latter decreased remarkably. Thus, the effect of EMG on tofu quality was estimated to be mainly due to an interaction between EMG and 7 S protein.

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The degradation of nylon 6 in acid dyeing at pH 3.60 and 2.50 at 90°C has been studied. The acid dyestuff, aniline → R-acid (DAR) and its model compounds, R-acid (RA) and 1, 5-naphthalenedisulfonic acid (NDS) were used. Nylon fabric was treated in aqueous solutions of these compounds and its tensile strength was determined. Nylon treated with RA and NDS shows a remarkable decrease in tensile strength compared with DAR. Viscosity measurements indicate a similar trend in decreases. These organic acids, especially RA and NDS are clearly responsible for the catalytic hydrolysis. The mechanism of the degradation is discussed.

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Nickel 2-hydroxy-4-methoxybenzophenone-5-sulfonate, nickel 2, 2′-dihydroxy-4, 4′-dimethoxybenzo-phenone-5-sulfonate and nickel 2-phenylbenzimidazol-5-sulfonate, UV absorbers containingsinglet oxygen quenching groups, have been synthesized as a means of improving light fastness of dyes. The protecting effects of these compounds against photofading of Rose Bengal (CI Acid Red 94), Crystal Violet (C Basic Violet 3) and Elioglaucine (CI Acid Blue 1) were examined in solution and in a solid state with a UV irradiation (λ> 300 nm).The rates of photofading of these dyes were markedly retarded in the presence of benzophenone type UV absorbers containing nickel sulfonate groups, while the addition of nickel 2-phenylbenzimidazol-5-sulfonate accelerated the fading of Crystal Violet. The effects of added singlet oxygen quencher and and auto-oxidative agent on the photostability of dyes were also examined.

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Dyeing of nylon by two acid dyes at 70°C and pH 6 in the presence of surfactants and polyelectrolytes has been studied. The results show that the dye adsorptions are decreased with increased concentration of anionic and cationic surfactants. In contrast, amphoteric surfactants show increased dye adsorptions with increasing concentration of the surfactants. Furthermore, it is found that the adsorptions increase with an increase in the concentration of polyelectrolytes. The role of these additives on the dyeing is discussed in terms of the adsorption isotherms of the acid dyes on nylon.

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We compared human thermoregulatory responses to two types of garments, i.e., Egyptian folk costume, “Jalabia” (F) and T-shirt (T) at an ambient temperature of 33 °C and a relative humidity of 50 % with a radiant artificial lamp of 400 W. Our major findings are summarized as follows : 1) Mean skin temperature and back clothing surface temperature tended to be higher in F, especially during the latter half of experimental period. 2) There were no consistent differences in the local sweat rate between F and T. 3) The level of clothing humidity measured at back site was higher in T than in F if we compare it for the same sweat rate. 4) Clothing humidity measured at the chest decreased clearly in F during step-exercise. 5) Positive heat storage was significantly smaller in F than in T. These phenomena are discussed in terms of thermal physiology and clothing sciences.

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It is already known from the recent studies that walking styles change by the age. One of the characteristics of the walking styles in old men is to decrease the acceleration at toe kick. This result leads to the necessity to design shoes for old men by improving their weak acceleration. The purpose of this study is to investigate the design of the last of walking shoes for old men, especially from the view point of their acceleration. From this standpoint, the shoes last was designed to have three features, that is, (a) high toe spring, (b) concaved sole of the forefoot and (c) suitable volume in toe region. The data on the ground reaction force during walking were used for this purpose. The ground reaction force plate data of the walking test showed that the test shoes made from this last increased the normalized impulse of the acceleration especially in 60's and 70's age groups, by 7.4 and 17.2 %, respectively, in comparison with the town shoes which the subjects usually used.

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1. We studied the effects of skin pressure by swimsuit having three different levels of clothing pressure on physiological (local sweat rate, respiratory frequency, heart rate) and psychological variables in three sedentary women at an ambient temperature of 35°C.
2. Local sweat rate decreased during skin pressure applied by swimsuit having clothing pressure of 25 and 60 g/cm².
3. Respiratory frequency and heart rate increased with skin pressure applied by swimsuit having skin pressure of 20, 25 and 60 g/cm².
4. The stronger the clothing pressure was applied to skin, the subject felt more pressed and more uncomfortable.

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In order to estimate the pressure brought on a body by deformation of a garment, two methods were adopted.
A fabric was deformed on a dome expansion apparatus. First, air pressure was measured. Second, pressure was calculated from strains and radii of curvature of the expanded fabric, using the equation (P = N₁ / R₁ + N₂ / R₂).
Two types of anisotropic materials were used for each method. Pressures obtained by the two methods coincided well with each other. As a result, it can be concluded that the results from the equation approximate to the pressures.

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Assuming soil detachment rate d and soil redeposition rate r can be expressed respectively as d=Z_dexp (-K_dV_min),
r=Z_rexp (-KrV_max),
where V_min is the maximum potential energy between fiber and particulate soil; V_max is energy difference between V_max and the potential energy at the closest approach of 5 Å for two substrates ; Z_d, K_d, Z_r and K_r are constants respectively, then the following results are obtained : 1) The methods for obtaining constants, Z_d, K_d, Z_r and K_r respectively from V_max, V_min and the efficiency of detergency D are clarified theoretically by using the relation among d, r and D.
2) Assuming the experimental value of D is 0.99 × the final value of D, and applying the theory 1) above mentioned to the experimental values in which carbon black particles and cotton fabrics are used, we have
d=13.8×10^-3exp (-25.1×10^-3V_min)
=3.02×10^-3exp (4.77×10^-3V_max)
r=2.45×10^-3exp (-13.5×10^-3V_max)
when V_max < 60 kT, and
d=4.46×10^-3exp (-2.14×10^-3V_min)
=3.92×10^-3exp (0.41×10^-3V_max)
r=1.25×10^-3exp (-1.82×10^-3V_max)
when V_max > 60 kT.
3) The values D calculated from equations 2) above mentioned agree well with the experimental results.
4) The above mentioned 2) and 3) show that the larger the V_max the larger the d/r on which the final value of D depends.
5) The above mentioned 2) clarifies that Z_d> Z_r and K_d> K_r.
6) The results of this article can be used to compare the potential energy with the dynamic energy given by liquid flow from the standpoint of their effects on detergency.
The authors thank Dr. M. Uno who gave many valuable suggestions.

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