We drew up patterns of workdays and holidays for married couples in order to study the characteristics of their respective free time and housework time. We also tried to clarify how the husband's time is affected by the wife or how the wife's time is affected by the husband. A certain number of married couples of the same family composition were selected in Higashi-Hiroshima City to make our time budget survey on Friday and Saturday. 1) On the part of husbands, an increase is recorded not only on their free time but also their time spent on housework on holiday. It is to be noted that the increase is not in the domain of cooking, cleaning and laundry; more time is recorded in the domain of shopping, child care and household chores. 2) By the pattern analysis, the wives' time on housework decreases somewhat on their husbands' holiday. 3) Husbands on holiday have almost the same free time whether their working wives are on holiday or not, while, on the contrary, wives tend to have less free time when their husbands are not on holiday. 4) It is true that, on holiday, neither the working wives nor the unemployed wives are engaged in any paid work, but it is to be noted that the employed wives spend less time on housework and more time on free activities.

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A study was made on the consciousness, situation and need for social support of a family with a child undergoing a liver transplantation. A questionnaire survey was made on 46 families or 90 parents who had had their children operated on at the Tokyo University Hospital. The result of this survey is as follows : 1. When the parents were told that their child was in need of liver transplantation, their anxieties were over the future of their child, their family life, and financial resources. 2. When the child was hospitalized, mainly the mother stayed with the child while the household work was taken over by a grand mother or other relatives. In other words, workload is heavier on the part of the female members of the family. 3. The family suffered the irregularity of two family members staying in the hospital. 4. During hospitalization, the mother's stress, both mental as well as physical, was greater than the father's. 5. Social as well as administrative supports are greatly needed for the family to overcome difficulties involved with their child's intractable disease.

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A pair of mother and 24-month-old child, in fact, forty five pairs, were closely observed during their make-believe play, and the following results are obtained through contemplating the script structures, their characteristics as well as the mother's role regarding structurization. 1) There is a tendency that the children's slots are considerably similar to those of their mothers in terms of the number of sorts and appearance frequency. 2) Both mothers and children show a lot of slots regarding eating and drinking, but, while children show a lot of slots regarding cooking and serving their guests, mothers show a lot of slots regarding mealtime manner including a comment, TASTY! 3) Mother's slots play an important role to help children's slots to be integrated into chronological order. 4) The spontaneous slots by children tend to form the core of the chronological order.

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The development of eating function was observed during each meal for three consecutive days every half month. The target of observation are 19 healthy Japanese infants, five to twelve months of age, at a day-care center. It was possible for the infants to drink liquids from the spoon without spillage 1.5 months (median) after weaning had started. It was 9.0 months of weaning when the infants were able to continue to drink liquids as a feeder held the bowl between their lips. At 8.0 months, it was possible for the infants to break off food as it was fed into the mouth. They were able to take in straps of noodle about 5 cm in length, at 9.5 months. At 9.5 through 12.0 months of weaning, 41% to 68% of the infants were observed to swallow noodles without chewing. In this connection, it may be noted that, at 8.0 to 12.0 months, 24% to 39% of the infants were not able to swallow the foods that had to be chewed. This study shows that what is fed at the time of weaning and how feeding is carried out should determine the development of eating ability, such as eating chewy foods and drinking from the cup.

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In our ongoing research project concerning lifestyles and snack-selection behavior, the questionnaire surveys of children/students has been conducted in northern Thailand since 1997. Three regions, the urban Chiang Mai, the rural Samoeng, and the mountain village of Bokaeo, linked together by a communal information route, were newly chosen as a survey area of the present study. Regional difference and school grade difference (primary, secondary and high schools) within respective regions were also examined. In the urban area, 'keeping late hours' was recognized in the higher grades. The rate of 'missing a morning meal' was higher in Chiang Mai and Samoeng. Inclination to dietary consciousness towards being overweight widened in the lower grades in the urban area. Meanwhile, this inclination can be observed in the rural higher grades, but surprisingly none at all in the mountain village. Regional differences were remarkable in the money spent on snacks, the variety of snacks taken, and the frequency of snack ingestion. In the snack selection criterion and behavior conducted by the correspondence and cluster analysis, Bokaeo occupies the most remote position, while Samoeng is rather close to Chiang Mai, following trends of Chiang Mai. It is to be noted that the second grade of the high schools in Chiang Mai shows progressive features.

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In the previous paper, we reported the results of an investigation on how female college students determined whether apparel fashion was new or old. And it was clarified that the criteria for judgment was based on their fashion experiences gained during puberty. A questionnaire was conducted in which apparel fashion images from different periods were shown to the respondents who had experienced the fashions firsthand. In this study, investigations were carried out twice, in 1992 and 2001. The same apparel fashion images chosen from French magazines published in the 1950's were used for both questionnaires. It was assumed that the respondents were for the most part unfamiliar with the images. Our investigation showed completely opposite results from the previous questionnaires when the same fashion images were shown to respondents. This fact was reasonably elucidated by the fashion trend background for respondents. Thus it was also confirmed by our assumption that the criteria of the respondents was formed on the basis of the fashion trends they experienced during puberty and was applied to their judgment of fashion images, regardless of whether or not they were familiar to the respondents.

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The Journal des Dames et des Modes Paris edition (JDM) started in 1797. It may be said that JDM was the first mode magazine and was the blueprint for the many mode magazines that followed which were much in vogue in the 19th century. This report specifically deals with the contents of 216 issues of JDM published over three years in the early 1830s. The authors translated the relative captions on the 217 fashion plates included in these magazines and investigated how the social background or people's view of fashion in those days was incarnated in costume and its ornaments. The social structure was changing at that time in the aftermath of the Industrial Revolution and the French July Revolution, and it came to our attention that the vitalization of the textile industry brought about by the sweeping reform of society presumably had a concrete influence on the building up of the idea of costume and its ornaments. We have also looked into the relations between the Romantic costume and the image of the ladies in the bourgeoisie. In earlier times, ladies dressed up in fine costumes were regarded as “a men's signboard” symbolizing a man's relative status in society. Gradually, however, women's costumes came to symbolize noble ladies' own self-confidence and self-satisfaction. The fashion plates decorated with more attractive and new modes contributed to forming the image of ladies under the changing social circumstances. Through our study of the fashion plates, we came to appreciate how new modes were created and what role costume and its ornaments played in society.

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This study discusses the bathing habits and bath space of the residents of urban apartments in Xi'an city, China, from the viewpoint of the dwelling style. Part 1 considers the actual state of bathing consciousness and the trend of bathing style of the residents of urban apartments in China. Ninety percent of the households targeted in this research utilize mainly the bathroom for bathing, and 90% of those who use the bathroom shower themselves for bathing. It is confirmed that an increasing number of residents feel the need to have their own bathroom and that the shower-type bathing has become the main stream of their bathing method. It is true that they bathe mainly for keeping themselves clean while aiming to take out fatigue, but it should be pointed out that there is a trend of bathing also for the purpose of beauty, relaxation, and diversion. In other words, their bathing consciousness has been diversified. Another point that came to our attention is that some residents have acquired a habit of bathing in the morning, an indication that there is a change in there bathing habit.

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