This research: 1) analyzed positive (desired) and negative (undesired) ideal self-images in clothing choices; 2) examined the relationships between ideal self-images and friendship orientation; and 3) conducted a cluster analysis on ideal self-images to derive friendships and clothing related-characteristics.

  A factor analysis extracted three positive ideal self-image factors (beautifulness, prettiness, and mental strength), two negative self-image factors (negative social image and unfriendliness), and one flamboyant/individuality factor that can change positively or negatively, depending on the person.

  The ideal self-image in clothing choices was related to friendship orientation and clothing behavior. Cluster analysis produced four groups of ideal self-image patterns, with various differences among the groups.

  These results suggest that one's awareness of the ideal self-image in clothing choices is related to their awareness of friendly relationships and social expectations, as well as differences in clothing interest and related behavior.

  The purpose of this study was to compare Japanese and South Korean university students in terms of the relationship between wearing masks and changes in daily life during the coronavirus outbreak. The number of sample students was 252 in Japan and 241 in South Korea, for a total of 493. The results are as follows.

  (1) A comparison of the data between the Japanese and Korean students indicated significant differences in 19 out of 27 questionnaire items. Of these, mean values in 5 items were greater in the Japanese students compared to the Korean students (p < .001, t-test), while those in 11 items were greater in the Korean students (p < .001). (2) The most frequent “reason for wearing a mask” for both groups was “prevention of COVID-19 infection.” The second most common reason in Japan was “feeling anxious about the social gaze of others” while that in South Korea was “recommendation by the media.” (3) Japanese students preferred pleated masks and reused them after washing, while most Korean students preferred 3D masks and threw them away after using them for 2 to 3 days. (4) The results of covariance structural analysis showed that the hypothetical model had statistically acceptable structural validities (Korea: GFI=.934, AGFI=.902, and RMSEA=.060; Japan: GFI=.952, AGFI=.926, and RMSEA=.045). (5) Analyses of the data in Korean students by structural equation modeling (SEM) indicated that “changes in daily life” had a positive effect on “awareness of infection risk”, but did not affect “isolation from society”. Taken together, the results indicated that in both Japan and South Korea, female students are more cautious about COVID-19 than male students, suggesting gender differences.

  The current menstrual recording habits and the experience of receiving menstrual education of female undergraduates were examined with a focus on whether the undergraduates had a regular menstrual cycle or not.

  The 75 subjects were divided into 2 groups: the first group of 41 undergraduates had a regular menstrual cycle (the “group with a regular cycle”) and the second group of 34 undergraduates had an irregular cycle (the “group with an irregular cycle”).

  Results indicated that significantly more undergraduates in the group with an irregular cycle had a habit of recording their cycles than in the group with a regular cycle.

  This suggested that whether one had a regular menstrual cycle may affect whether one has a habit of recording one's menstrual cycle or not.

  All 75 subjects had received almost the same menstrual education. These results suggest that the presence or absence of menstrual recording habits is not related to whether or not the patient has received menstrual education, but to whether or not the number of days of the current menstrual cycle is stable.

  In the future, menstrual education should be provided to female undergraduates to inform them of the importance of menstrual recording and to make them aware of menstrual cycle irregularities, regardless of whether they have a regular menstrual cycle or not.

  This study examined differences in perspectives on “understanding children,” i.e., the extent to which childcare workers pay attention to understanding children's feelings, based on their years of experience. Novices, mid-career, and experienced in service childcare workers (N = 115) watched two scenes in which children appeared in daily childcare settings. Then, the childcare workers freely described their feelings and reasons for the children's behaviors. We divided the childcare workers' descriptions into segments, categorized them according to perspectives on “understanding children,” and examined differences among the three types of experiences. The results indicated that the participants paid attention to details of children's behaviors and utterances and became able to verbalize these as their experience increased. Moreover, experienced workers, compared to novice or mid-career workers, more often “understood children” from the perspective of background, children's development and children's utterances and behaviors.