The purpose of this paper is to demonstrate the reality of birth control in marriages and explicate the meanings and the images given to married couples and families through an analysis of the description of birth control mainly in the 1920's. Therefore this paper examines articles in two female magazines; “Fujin-koron" and “Syufu-no-tomo" 1916 to 1930.The discussion is developed as follows: 1.In the 1920's both sexual control by men and birth control in the family had emerged as social issues. 2. Husbands as well as wives were involved in birth control. Husbands' initiative in birth control was induced by sexualization within marriage. 3.People from the new middle class had an image of a blissful married life and they had actually created intimate relationships by conversing openly about birth control. This leads to the conclusion that the willingness to accept birth control is an important factor in promoting the emotionalization of families.

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This study aimed to elucidates the dietary characteristics of the dietary life and lifestyle of men in their fifties with impaired glucose tolerance (IGT). We compared the results of from medical check-ups and questionnaires among 412 new-onset IGT patients( IGT, : n=205, ; IFG+IGT, : n=207) and 203 healthy controls with no differences in body mass index and energy intake. The dietary characteristics of the dietary life and lifestyle of the men with IGT involvedwere the following items: skipping breakfast, large amounts of snack foods and alcohol, frequent eating -out, unbalanced diet, preference for strong sweet and salty tastesflavors, an excessive intake of animal proteins, animal fats, and salt, and insufficient intake of dietary fibers, smoking, and low daily activity. We noticed, particularly in the IFG+IGT group, that these subjects had continued to have a problematic diet and lifestyle for a long time. The results suggest that the onset of IGT was associated with their diet and lifestyle.

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The mass transfer coefficients for water vapor transfer through various clothing materials were obtained by measuring the water vapor transfer through the materials from air flow of high humidity into that of low humidity. The mass transfer coefficient of one sheet of cloth was determined by using the additive rule of mass transfer resistances from the overall mass transfer coefficients for one sheet and two sheets of cloth. The value of mass transfer coefficient for most of the cloth was around 10^-5mol/(m²s･Pa), but the value for the cloth woven with untwisted yarn of linear fiber was very small, at around 10^-7mol/(m²s･Pa). The tortuosity factor for water vapor diffusion in air pores within the cloth was calculated from the mass transfer coefficient by using the cloth thickness and fiber volume fraction, which increases with the increase in the fiber volume fraction. A correlation equation between the tortuosity factor and the fiber volume fraction within the cloth was obtained, which can be used to estimate the mass transfer coefficient of cloth from the cloth thickness and fiber volume fraction. The tortuosity factor depends on the shape of the fiber, the structure of the yarn and the woven structure of the cloth, and its value is large for the cloth woven with untwisted yarn of linear fiber. Hydrophilic -hydrophobic characteristics of fiber do not affect the tortuosity factor.

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We clarified the factors affecting increased physical activity in the daily life of young women by studying the route selected to reach a school located on a hilltop. The physical load during walking differed according to the use of an escalator and elevator on the route. A questionnaire survey of the 633 students was conducted to examine the relationships among the use of the escalator and elevator, reasons for not using them, dietary habits, fitness habits, and education. Contrary to our expectation, half of the students selected a route to the school involving higher physical workload, with less than 30% of the students selecting a route with lower physical workload. These results can be explained by the fact that the routes with lower physical workload involved longer walking time. Those students on the dietetic course significantly selected a school route with higher physical workload.

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Encouraged by etiquette books of the time, the wearing of white linen undergarments (linge ) became an essential part of one's grooming (propreté ) in France from the 17th century onwards. This paper discusses techniques of blanchisseries de toile (cloth bleacheries) which supported this trend in white undergarments by referring largely to the Encyclopédie of Diderot and d'Alembert to gain insight. Bleaching methods varied according to region, and techniques such as the Irish method, Dutch method and Flemish method existed. The Encyclopédie mentions a blanchisserie in Senlis in northeastern Paris where the process was divided into five steps conducted along the river in five separate workshops: the watermill, washhouse (buerie ), scrubbing house (frottoir ), bleaching house (laiterie ) where milk was used as a whitener, and the finishing house (ployerie ). All of these labor-intensive processes were were done in sequence by different craftspersons. Afterwards the white cloth was wholesaled to linen shops (lingères ) where it was fashioned into accessories or decorative trimmings for clothing before it was offered for sale.

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