The purpose of this paper is to clarify how Sawayanagi formed his view on women's higher education, which enabled the admittance of women to Tohoku Imperial University.
We analyzed Sawayanagi's complete works compiled in ten volumes as well as his writings on women's higher education.
The results are as follows :
1) Sawayanagi was convinced that women needed higher education just as men did, and made Tohoku Imperial University accept women in 1913.
2) Sawayanagi insisted that ability should not be determined by gender difference, and that those eligible should be offered equal opportunity of education.
3) Based on his experience, Sawayanagi advocated that equal opportunity of education should not be limited by the ascribed conditions such as economic condition, gender, social standing, and family lineage. Sawayanagi's belief and principles eventually led to the admittance of women to Tohoku Imperial University.

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The purpose of this study is to clarify the socio-economic background of over-indebted people in Okinawa. What was clarified was compared with that in 46 prefectures of Japan.
The findings of this study are :
1) The rate of bankruptcy has been increasing in Japan, and the average rate of bankruptcy in 1996 was 7 times greater than in 1989. In Okinawa, however, bankruptcy rate increased 21.4 times during the same period. As for the number of cases resulting in court mediation, the increasewas 43.9 times greater.
2) The choice of bankruptcy does not seem an easy wayout for all over-indebted people; once they go legally bankrupt, their debt is automatically transferred to their surety, who are in most cases their next of kins such as aged parents or children. It is also found, on the other hand, the blood tie, the easier it is to find surety, i.e, more likely it is for the amount of debt to increase.
3) The increase of bankruptcy or court mediation in Okinawa may be attributed to the high unemployment rate (highest in Japan), the average income (lowest in Japan), and the large number of financing companies.

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This study examined the relationship between the adolescents' perceptions of parental marital quality and the family system as well as the child-parent tie. Studied were 146 adolescentsubjects with both parents.
The results are as follows.
1) Among the adolescents who maintained good child-parent tie and fine family system, many of their parents were perceived as maintaining high marital quality.
2) In contrast, many of the non-adaptive adolescents perceived their parents as maintaining low marital quality.
The results suggest that further study should be directed toward clarifying what the parental marital quality means to the child.

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This study examind the process of forming and maintaining peer relationship by analyzing those conflicts which had occurred in 3 years of preschool period. Three boys in a 3-year-old class were observed longitudinaly in free play sessions, once a week, using VTR and field notes.
The results are as follows :
1) The conflicts among children increased numerically from the time when subjects were 3-year-olds to the time when they were 4-year-olds, and then decreased to the level of 3-year-olds when they were 5-year-olds.
2) There were clearly individual differences in the number of conflicts.
3) Peer relationships when conflicts occurred were classified into opposition and cooperation, and the relationships between target childen A and B changed from opposition to opposition-cooperation mixed.
4) Conflicts in their early phase of development occurred mainly when B approachedwith an interest in A, and A rejected B's overture. Later, as they began to play together, conflicts occurred as they tried to manage and maintain their relationships. Toward the end of their second year, they seemed to become to have a awareness that conflicts should be terminated.
The two boys' relationships changed through seven phases, which showed dynamic transactional processes.

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A series of food models containing different amounts of water were baked at around 200°C. The effect of moisture content on the heat transfer between the hot air and the surface of each sample was investigated in terms of the internal heat flux.
The rate of internal temperature rise of the samples during baking decreased with increasing moisture content, the opposite of that in a steaming or frying process.
The heat transfer coefficient and Biot number tended to reduce with increase in the moisture of a sample from 7.1 to 48.7%. This may have been due to the latent heat of vaporization of water on the surface of the sample.
The internal heat flux during baking, however, increased with increasing moisture content. The thermal diffusivity increased from 0.65 × 10 ^-7 to about 1.0 × 10 ^-7m²/s with increasing moisture of the samples.
The heat exchanged between the hot air and a sample during the baking process was characterized by the vaporization of water which resisted heat flux from the hot hot air into the inside of the sample.

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The use of onomatopoeic terms for describing food properties was studied. Fify-three onomatopoeic terms were selected to describe food properties by round-table discussion and questionnaires from 192 terms that had been collected from literature and free-answer questionnaires. A panel of 830 persons was asked whether the selected terms correctly expressed the properties of foods. Of the 648 returned questionnaires, 595 were considered valid and thus used for further analysis. More than 40 % of the panel (with a confidence level of 95 %) answered “yes” for almost all of the terms. A further analysis showed that the use of such terms as “mattari” and “boso-boso” differed according to the sex, age and/or degree of interest in food of the panelists.

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We examined the relationship between the waistband-pressure measured by a hydrostatic pressure-balanced method and the thickness of abdominal subcutaneous fat measured by an ultrasonography. Subjects were 7 women aged 19 to 39 years old, and their Rohrer indices ranged from 118.0 to 145.3. Pressure was applied evenly to the subjects' waists using an inside belt 2.5 cm in width as a waistband. Waistbands having three lengths [a perfect fit length or 100% (constriction ratio : 0%), 97.5 % (2.5%), and 95.0 % (5.0%)] were used. Regional changes of waistband-pressures were caused by various body movements. A positive linear relationship between the waistband-pressure and the constriction ratio of the waistband was obtained in only 12 combinations of 70 experimental conditions (17.4 %). The thickness of subcutaneous fat, showing regional and individual differences and ranging from 3.1 to 29.4 mm, changed with respiratory movements, decreasing in inhalation phases and increasing in exhalation phases. When the subjects wore the waistband with 2.5% constriction, for instance, the thickness of subcutaneous fat directly under the waistband decreased 10.4-31.6% due to body movements, while that at horizontal planes (either superiorly 3 cm apart or inferiorly 3.5 cm apart from the waistline) inversely increased 12.9-32.1%. In this way, the waistband-pressure and the thickness of subcutaneous fat were affected by respiratory movements, body movements, and constriction ratios of the waistband. We obtained significant correlation coefficients between the waistband-pressure and the thickness of subcutaneous fat in 21.8% of the combinations.

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A method was evaluated for measuring the restriction placed on feet by shoes, in terms of dynamic variables, with particular emphasis placed on measuring the sliding frictional force between shoes and feet.
1) We proposed a method for measuring walking-induced frictional force by assessing color changes in a very thin two-layer type pressure-sensitive film inserted into the narrow space between the foot and the shoe.
2) On a trial basis, we made an instrument that provides simulation of the dynamic properties of the sliding friction which occurs between the shoe and the foot during walking. We demonstrated, using this simulator, that Euler's rule of pressure and tension and Coulomb's rule of friction are applicable to the friction occurring between a curved structure (as seen when shoes are worn) and a flexible sheet.
3) The data obtained with this instrument indicate a relationship between the sensor color (Y, x, y in the CIE standard color matrix system) and the compression of the feet by wearing shoes (p) . The pressure which restricts movement of the feet, and the resultant frictional force, could be estimated by making use of this relationship.

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This paper discusses 1) the influence on the returnees' dwelling life brought about by different housing policies and the degree of repletion of facilities by local governments, and 2) the direction of dwelling life of returnees from China.
The survey results are as follows :
There are some differences of quota for allocating dwelling in the public housing operated by local government; for those returnees residing in areas where the said quota is small or nil, neither the rate of allocation nor the level of satisfaction in the present living condition is very high. The returnees have little chance or venue of communication with other returnees, and there is no way to communicate freely with neighbors for those who are not yet capable of speaking Japanese. For improving their dwelling life, it is hoped that special quota of public housing is given to the returnees and that arrangements are made for the returnees to meet and communicate periodically.

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This paper surveys the problems faced by the returnees from China, and how their life is affected by the difference and relationships of dwelling culture and daily living habits between China and Japan.
The results of our survey are as follows :
Handicapped in communicative power in Japanese, the returnees find it difficult to communicate with their relatives and neigrhbors, and take part in neighborhood meetings. The difference in dwelling culture and daily living habits have brought about a number of inconveniences on the part of the returnees; it is desired that the returnees strive to learn Japanese while adequate administrative arrangements be made to nable their learning and help close cultural gaps for both the returnees and the Japanese.

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