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Volume 78, Issue 1
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TOKUJI UNNO1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 1-9
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe cough and sneeze are generally understood as defense mechanisms for blowing out irritant materials from the respiratory tracts. Their characteristic is a rapid expulsion of air and hence a specified expiration. The purpose of this study is to find out the differences between coughing and sneezing.
Comparisons were made for flow and volume measurements of coughing, sneezing and maximum forced expiration. The subjects, aged from 15 to 36, were 8 male and 4 female patients with allergic rhinitis. They performed maximum forced expiration and voluntary coughing in the body plethysmograph. Sneezing attacks were evoked by intranasal spray of t 1% histamine solution. Air actually expired from the mouth (VATPS), volume change of the plethysmograph (VBOX), and flow rate
(V) were simultaneously recorded on the ultraviolet photocorder at a paper speed of 40 cm per second. According to the direction and magnitude of the flow, one paroxysm of coughing or sneezing was divided into the inspiratory, minimum flow (compressive), and expiratory phase. From analyses of the data, the peak flows of sneezing were significantly higher than coughing in the latter two phases. VATPS and VBOX of sneezing were significantly greater in the compressive phase. No significant difference was found in VATPS in the expiratory phase.
Expiratory air in sneezing is expelled not only through the nose but mouth as well. Pathways of coughing air also the nasal and oral cavities. There is no evident difference between coughing and sneezing in the expiratory phase. A difference between the two exists in the compressive phase.The extrathoracic respiratory tracts, including the nose, pharynx or larynx, prepare for the explosion in this phase. Intrathoracic compression also facilitates the squeezing of secretions from the peripheral small airways. Flow-volume curves of coughing and sneezing can be superimposed on the maximum FV curve for an individual with limited exceptional regions around peak flows of the blasts. This suggests that intrathoracic airway dynamics is almost the same during the expiratory phase. Therefore, the deeper the preceding inspiration, the greater the expiratory thrust.View full abstractDownload PDF (2695K) -
TADAMI KUMAZAWA, IWAO HONJO, KEIJI HONDA1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 10-18
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSIn order to evaluate the validity of Perlman's method, which had been widely used as a test for Eustachian tube function, the test results were compared with those obtained by aerodynamic method which we had developed.
Thirty subjects were adopted in this study, that is, 10 normal subjects, 10 subjects with obstructive tube and 10 with patent tubes. Their diagnosis was based on both objective and subjective findings.
Procedure of Perlman's method is that: pure tone of 250 Hz at 100 phons was introduced into the nasopharynx from a nostril and both the sound waves and sound pressure levels during deglutitions were recorded through a microphone in the external ear canal. Aerodynamic measurement was performed by reg istering pressures in the ear canal and nasopharynx during Valsalva's maneuver and deglutitions using a pressure transducer.
The aerodynamic method permitted objective evaluation of the tubal function in all of the cases tested, whereas Perlman's method provided inconsistent results with pathological conditions of the Eustachian tube in not a few cases.
Through additional experiment, it was confirmed that the inconsistency observed in Perlman's method was partly due to concomitent movements of the mouth and the pharynx in deglutition, which had a marked effect upon the amplitude of the sounds picked up in the ear canal.
It may be concluded that aerodynamic method is more reliable and practical than Perlman's method as a test for examination of Eustachian tube function.View full abstractDownload PDF (4051K) -
TAKESHI HARADA1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 19-27
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe influence of the osmotic induction method on the endolymphatic hydrops was investigated in guinea pigs.
1. Obliteration of the emdolymphatic sac resulted in the production of hydrops in both cochlea and vestibular organs.
2. Either an infusion of saturated, sodium chroride solution into the middle ear or placement of crystal NaCl on the round window niche induced an appearance of exudates in the perilymphatic space.
When a great amount of crystal NaCI was placed the retrograde degeneration of the organ of Corti in the basal turn was observed and both hyperemia of, and bleeding from, the modiolar vessels were also observed any tension-decresing effect on Reissner's membranes.
3. The infusion of saturated NaCl solution into the middle ear of the animals with endolymphatic hydrops decreased the tension of Reisner's membranes, which first observed in the basal turn.
Twenty four hours later, this treatment developed the collapse in the endolymphatic space of the basal turn and retrograde degeneration in the organ of Corti. The same treatment caused stronger disturbance in the inner hair cells than in the outer hair cells, and deformity of the membraneous canal in the vestibular organs.View full abstractDownload PDF (4167K) -
MAKOTO SAKATSUME, YOSHITSUGU OGAWA, NORIKO NAGATA1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 28-33
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe patient, a male aged 13, since he had been punched in the right eye by an elbow in playing judo, complained of enophthalmos of the right eye, diplopia, slight reduction of the vision and restriction of upward gaze. X-ray examination revealed the downward herniation of the tissues prolapsing in semicircular shape from the orbit into the right antrum and diagnosed as blowout fracture. Twenty-one days after the injury, Caldwell Luc's operation was performed under general anesthesia. The herniated tissues from the orbital floor in the right antrum were replaced by hand into the orbit using the anterior sinus wall for the implant. Following the surgery, the patient had no enophthalmmos, no diplopia, and no restriction of upward gaze, and vision was olso recovered.
The blowout fractures results from a force applied directly to the orbit from in front without rupturing the eyeball, which the weakest portion of the orbital floor and lamina papyracea so that the soft tissues blow out into the ethmoid and the antrum because of the sudden increase in intraorbital pressure.
The diagnostic conditions can be summarized as follows after Weiss:
1. History of a recent blunt injury to the eye.
2. Vertical extraocular muscle imbalance with diplopia.
3. Radiographic demonstration of prolapse of the periorbita, often with fracture.
4. Hypesthesia of the infraorbital nerve is oten present.
5. A positive traction test of the inferior rectus muscle.
Treatment mainly depends upon the surgical repair to reconstruct the orbital floor, replace the prolapsed tissues and free the trapped muscles. The followings are surgical approaches mainly adopted:
(1) Maxillary sinus route (Caldwell Luc approach)
(2) Infraorbital approach
(3) A combination of (1) and (2)
In recent years orbital fractures are increasing with rising number of automobile accidents. It is necessary for the otolaryngologist to grapple with the difficult problems positively.View full abstractDownload PDF (1848K) -
KOZO WATANUKI, KAZUMOTO KAWAMOTO1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 34-42
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSNot only the sensory and the neural elements of the cochlea, the stria vascularis also tends to degenerate in aging. The purpose of the present surface preparation study is to demonstrate aging degeneration of the human stria vascularis in wide views under the light microscope. A special reference was made to the replacement structures in the stria vascularis after substantial degeneration. Thirty-five human temporal hones were dissected in this study. The surface structure of the human stria vascularis was demonstrated by silver staining in both normal and pathological cases. Degeneration of the stria vascularis in a small area was quite often found in old patients. There were different types of changes in the area of strial atrophy. In the first type of atrophy, the bordering cells replaced the marginal cells. This type of replacement was found in the specimens in which strial atrophy was confined in ., small area of bordering regions. In the second type, flat margical cells covered the atrophied area. This type of change was most often found in an area of small sporadic atrophy of the stria vascularis. While in the third type, the spiral prominence cells were found replacing the margical cells. This type of replacement was most often found in severe strial strophy involving the entire width of the stria vascularis. A special attention was also paid to the degenerating capillaries of the stria vascularis. Blood vessels of the stria vascularis were quite resistant in degeneration. However, as degeneration advanced, they became of smaller calibre and less tortuous in their extension.View full abstractDownload PDF (3577K) -
HIROSHI IWATA1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 43-59
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSThe purpose of the present paper is to study the signal transmission in the inferior colliculus and to show the difference between responses of the inferior colliculus and of the cochlear nucleus.Young adult cats were anesthetized with Nembutal and controlled with the respirator. After opening the skull, the inferior colliculus was exposed to insert u tangsten electrode. Then the two-tone stimuli were given by a condenser speaker introduced to the external meatus. The response areas, PST histograms, interval histograms and spike rates were obtained.
Response areas were classified into 7 types. Some response areas in the inferior colliculus were narrower than in the cochlear nucleus and some ones were broader. It suggests that neural mechanisms are more complex in the inferior colliculus than in the cochlear nucleus.
The changes of spike distribution patterns (PST histograms) of the inferior colliculus to a test tone caused by a preceding conditioning tone were classified into 4 types. In the first type, the change of the patterns was more distinct as the interval of two tones became shorter. In the second, the change was most distinct when the interval was about 5omsec. In the third, the change was complicated related to the time interval. In the fourth, no change was observed.
Also, chages of spike rate were classified into 4 types. In the first, the decrease of the spike discharges was more distinct as the interval became shorter. In the second, the decrease was most distinct when the interval was about lomsec. In the third, the decrease was observed as long as the interval was 200msec. In the fourth, no reduction was observed.
From these results, it may be suggested that there are neurons which have simple connections and neurons which receive many neural inputs in the inferior colliculus of the cat. Efferent inhibition may be concernd in the complex neurons. Exponential change of the spike rate may be explained by lateral inhibition. In the cochlear nucleus, exponential changes of the spike rate were frequently observed, while in the inferior colliculus, the changes were rarely obtained.
From the results the author infered that analysis of simple signals, i.e. pitch and intensity of tones is accomplished in the lower station than the inferior colliculus and that analysis and integration of higher degree is accomplished in the inferior colliculus.View full abstractDownload PDF (3996K) -
[in Japanese]1975 Volume 78 Issue 1 Pages 79-82
Published: January 20, 1975
Released on J-STAGE: March 19, 2008
JOURNAL FREE ACCESSDownload PDF (291K)
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