The recent development of a standardized, microencupsulated odorant test of olfactory function. The University of Pennsylvania Smell Identification Test (UPSIT) has permitted the study of smell identification abilities of relatively large groups of people. The present study compared scores on this test between a group of Japanese and a group of American subjects.
One-hundred and ninety native Japanese people were given the Japanese, translated from English, UPSIT to complete. Sixty-four were men and 126 were women. The age range of the group was 18-63 with a mean age of 23.65 years (SD=6.42). Scores from the test administered to a group of Americans were compared to the scores from the Japanese sample. The American group of 190 subjects was matched on the basis of age, sex, and smoking habits.
The results were obtained as follows:
1) The mean correct on UPSIT for the Japanese and the American groups was 32.64 (SD=3.43) and 37.55 (SD=2.42), respectively. A t-test between the means of the two groups was statistically significant (p<0.001).
2) Basic differences between the groups on the total number of correct responses per item were evaluated. The total number of correct responses per item is shown in Table 1 and 2 for the Japanese and the American groups, respectively. A rank value assigned to each item and listed next to the total score permitted a further, analysis on the order of correct responses.
3) A Spearman Rank-Order Coefficent was employed on these ranks to determine the extent to which the two groups had similar orders. Only a slightly moderate correlation existed (p<0.01) between the groups.
4) For each of the 40 odours, a chi-squre, analysis was performed to determine which items had significantly different response patterns. The results of these 40 analyses are shown in Table 3. Twenty-one of these items were determined to have different correct/incorrect rations. On four of these odours, the Japanese groups had a better ratio, but not at significance (p<0.05).

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Respiratory resistances (Rrs) through nose and mouth in response to inhalation of iso-vareric acid were recorded by means of forced pressure and flow oscillations (3Hz) superimposed on spontaneous breathing. Subjects without nasal diseases and olfactory disturbances, and laryngectomized patients were obliged to breathe at a constant pattern, and not to stop breathing during recording of Rrs.
1) Inspite of whether the nasal membrane except for the olfactory region was local-anesthetized or not, Rrs through nose and mouth were significantly increased at 1% level in response to nasal inhalation of the odor, which probably stimulated both olfactory and trigeminal nerves.
2) The increase of Rrs through nose in response to the nasal inhalation did not significantly differ from that through mouth in response to the same stimulation at 5% level.
3) The effect of oral inhalation of the odor on Rrs through mouth was a little if present.
4) In laryngectomized, Rrs below the stoma were significantly increased in response to the odorant stimulation through nose at 5% level.
These results suggest that the increase of Rrs through nose seems to be attributed mainly to the increase of Rrs below mouth, especially below trachea and that the recordings of Rrs in response to olfactory stimulation is useful in objective olfactometry. And olfacto-pulmonary reflex is discussed in this paper.

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Of the 1102 cases of nasal-and paranasal malignancies, life condition of the long term survivors was studied. The total number of patients were 258, of which 87 cases have been observed for 5-9 years, 149 for 10-19 years and 22 for more than 20 years.
The causes of the patients' death which occurred during the observation period were double cancer, apoplexy, decrepitude etc. As the focus of the apoplexy occurred more frequently on the side of maxillary malignancies, it could be related with the late effect of radiation therapy. The case with no symptom or with slight symptom in the performance status amounted to 80% of the subjects studied (258 cases), however, the percentages relative to the number of all registered cases (1102 cases) were 29.1% in the group of 5 years observation period, 22.9% in 10 years group and 3.4% in more than 20 years group, respectively. The results suggest the severe circumstance of this disease.
The first factor limiting everyday life was the aging of the patients and the second was the radiation cataract. The cataract always occurred on the affected side, and 87.9% cases lost their sight in 10 years after the treatment. Even on the eye of the healthy side, the intact vision was found
only in 65.8% of 10 years survivors.
These observations showed that our recent therapy in adequate, but gave a warning in the way to select the indication patients for the radiotherapy. It is most important to avoid the overdosis, to decide the appropriate field and protector, and to reduce the radiation dose on the eye of the healthy side.
As far as the total maxillectomy is concerned, further effort must be given for deciding the cutting margin, and for improving the operation method. Cooperation with plastic surgeon is also suggested. After the operation, attention should be paid to practice the mouth opening and to treat the middle ear effusion.

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Vibration of tympanic membranes of the middle ear model with TORP and flat membrane made of gum were studied by means of holographic interferometry. Results were as follows.
1) As the tension of the gum became high, the amplitude decreased in low frequency. The segmental vibration was observed in low frequency as the tension became low.
2) The difference between 0.03mm and 0.06mm was not significant though the gum was used in the thickness of 0.03mm, 0.06mm and 0.3mm. In 0.3mm, inhibition of the vibration was found in all frequencies, especially in high frequency.
3) Amount of the volume of middle ear cavity was in proportion to the vibration amplitude of tympanic membrane in 250Hz and 500Hz. The proportionality, however, was not found at 1kHz or more.
4) Center zone of the model moved best like a piston in 250 and 500Hz though intermediate zone of normal middle ear moved best. Segmental vibration was observed in lower frequency than normal human ear. The difference between ceramic TORP and Plasti-Pore TORP was not significant. In high frequency, both have poor sound transmission because of the flat tympanic membrane and TORP like umbrella as amphibian and reptilian. It was ideal that the tympanic
membrane like curved cone with the wide frequency characteristics should be made in tympanoplasty.

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A thermographic study on the nasal skin was performed to elucidate the relationship between the nasal skin temperature and the nasal flow. The results are as follows; The rise in the nasal skin temperature paralleled the increase in the nasal airway resistance. No change in the nasal skin temperature was seen when the nose was excessively patent with a decrease in the nasal airway resistance. By evaluating the nasal skin temperature on each side, the difference between the nasal airway resistance between the right and left sides could be predicted, but the separate change on the each side was not possibly detected. In addition to the change in the nasal airway resistance, the blood circulatory change of the nasal skin will also influence the skin temperature. Thermographic change appeared in delay to the change in the nasal airway resistance.

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Bilateral acoustic tumors, often felt to represent a central form of Recklinghausen's disease, have different clinical findings from unilateral tumors. Bilateral acoustic tumors are more invasive to surrounding tissues. However, there is less correlation between auditory findings and tumor size of bilateral acoustic tumors than unilateral tumors. The purpose of this study is to examine whether there are any different histological findings between bilateral and unilateral acoustic tumors. Twelve patients with bilateral tumors and 6 patients with unilateral tumors were studied by light microscopy and immunoperoxidase examination of S-100 protein.
Both bilateral and unilateral acoustic tumors were composed of interwoven bundles of long bipolar spindle cells. An alignment of the nuclei known as palisading was demonstrated in 6 patients with bilateral tumors and 3 patients with unilateral tumors. Almost all tumor cells had diffuse immunoreactivity for S-100 protein in 11 patients with bilateral tumors and all patients with unilateral tumors.
Electron microscopic examinations of 2 patients with bilateral tumors and 5 patients with unilateral tumors revealed identical ultrastructural findings. Both of them were composed of tightly packed, long thin cells with complexly entangled processes separated at intervals by external lamina. Tumor cell nuclei were ovoid or rod-shaped. They generally had smooth surfaces; however, in some areas the nuclear surface was invaginated. Such invaginations contained cytoplasmic matter. Small numbers of mitochondria, scattered rough endoplasmic reticulum and abundant microfilaments were seen in the cytoplasm. Long spacing collagen fibrils (Luse bodies) were numerous in the extracellular compartment. Two specimens of bilateral acoustic tumors demonstrated whorls which were composed of tumor cells and collagen bundles. An unmyelinated nerve fiber was observed in the center of the whorl. Typical fibroblasts with well-developed rough endoplasmic reticulum were rare in these specimens.
In 9 of 12 patients with bilateral tumors, more than two evidences of Recklinghausen's disease were present (cafe-au-lait spots, cutaneous tumors and any genetic component). The other 3 patients showed poor stigmata of Recklinghausen's disease. In addition, neurilemmomas of skin and aspinal cord were demonstrated in these 3 patients. Thus, the former 9 patients might be a form of Recklinghausen's disease. The latter 3 patients might be referred to as multiple neurilemmomas. In this study bilateral acoustic tumors demonstrate the identical histological characteristics with unilateral tumors. Both bilateral and unilateral tumors are defined as schwannomas. There is no histological evidence which could determine the peculiar clinical findings of bilateral acoustic tumors.

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Equilibrium examinations were performed in 198 healthy individuals over 65 years of age, The characteristic findings were as follows.
1. Romberg sign appeared in 7.1% of the cases when vestibulospinal reflex testing was performed. It is suspected that the main cause of Romberg sign in elderly people is a disorder of the deep sensation.
2. In nystagmus tests, 5 cases (2.6%) of lateral gaze nystagmus and 14 cases (7.1%) of downbeat positioning nystagmus were observed. However, neither spontaneous nystagmus nor positional nystagmus was seen. Judging from these results, nystagmus testing is an important examinations for the diagnosis of vestibular disorders, even in the elderly.
3. Eye tracking testing indicates that, as people age, the smooth pursuit eye movement tends to gradually become more difficult.
4. Horizontal optokinetic nystagmus testing should that the total number of nystagmus beats was nearly the same as in the elderly the normal range seen in young people, although the maximum velocity of the slow phase was obviously low in comparison with young people.

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To investigate smooth pursuit and saccade with unpredictable target motions, we analysed the pursuit eye movement response of normal individuals to irregular to-and-fro target presentations of constant velocity (20, 40, 60°/sec).
1. Upon turning of the direction, smooth pursuit gain showed smaller values as preceding target duration decreased. The duration to attain unity-gain, approximately 1.0second at 20°/sec, increased as target velocity increased.
2. The shorter the preceding target duration, the more suppressed was eye acceleration after turning of the direction. The finding that the eye obviously accelerated at 40 and 60°/sec but not at 20°/sec after turning of the direction showed a difference in saturation time for eye acceleration.
3. Marked hysteresis and predictive eye regulation on unpredictable factors indicated that smooth pursuit should be controlled by a predictive system based on a perception feedback mechanism rather than by a continuous system based on a velocity servomechanism.
4. Reaction time of saccade (200msec) was not affected by target velocity. During the last 120msec of the reaction time, a change of target motion did not affect the saccade program; however, a corrective saccade with short latency was programmed in parallel with the first saccade.
5. Saccade amplitude increased in proportion to an increase in target velocity. Since accuracy of saccade amplitude markedly declined after either target or eye velocity change, it seemed porbable that saccades in ramp stimulation are programmed by the rate of change of position error, but not through the output of the smooth pursuit system.

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Specific IgE antibody to mite in the serum, nasal secretion and nasal mucosa of asthmatic children with subclinical nasal allergy were measured by enzyme immunoassay. Each specimen of the nasal mucosa was obtained by scratching the anterior part of the inferior turbinate. The samples were homogenized after adding 0.5ml of PBS. Nasal secretion was obtained by blowing method before and 5 minutes after provocation. IgE antibody to mite in the serum was more than 17.5 PRU/ml in most cases. The mean values of specific IgE antibody to mite in the nasal secretion after provocation were statistically higher than that before provocation. It was considered that IgE antibody level to mite in the nasal mucosa was also enough for the development of the nasal symptoms. These data suggest that IgE antibody may have a low affinity for receptors of mucosal mast cells and that intercellular spaces of the superficial epithelial layer of the inferior turbinate may be more tight in the asthmatic children with subclinical nasal allergy than nasal allergic children.

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The aim of the present study was to clarify the bone conduction hearing loss in otitis media with effusion (OME) due to effusion and negative pressure in the middle ear cavity. Bone conduction measurements were carried out on 102 ears of 90 patients (aged from 6 to 74 years) before and after myringotomy and elimination of middle ear effusion. Bone conduction measurements were also carried out on 9 ears of OME patients with a ventilation tube before and after fluid infusion into the middle ear. In 15 ears with tympanic membrane perforation, the threshold shift for bone conduction was determined after a negative change of air pressure of 30cm or 50cm water in the middle ear cavity. After elimination of middle ear effusion, bone conduction hearing was improved in 22.5% of 102 ears at 500Hz and 11.8% at 2000Hz. Change of negative air pressure in the middle ear caused loss of bone conduction hearing, and the same loss of bone conduction was observed in OME. Elimination of mucoid effusion from the middle ear cavity resulted in improvement of bone conduction hearing at 500Hz. However, elimination of serous effusion caused deterioration of bone conduction at 500Hz. Improvement of bone conduction hearing at 2000Hz was observed after elimination of both mucoid and serous effusion.
Thus, the bone conduction hearing loss in OME appears to suppress vibration of cochlear windows or tympanic membrane by effusion and negative pressure in the middle ear.

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The hormone-induced proliferation of cells in the submandibular gland of mice was investigated, by using the uptake of 5-(¹²⁵I) iodo-2'-deoxyuridine (¹²⁵IUdR) by the whole submandibular gland as an index. Injections of 5α-dihydrotestosterone (4μg/g body weight/day, for 3 days) to castrated female mice induced a significant increase in the ¹²⁵IUdR uptake, but 3-day injections of 17β-estradiol (4μg/g body weight) did not. Autoradiography showed that the ¹²⁵IUdR uptake was attributable to the proliferation of convoluted tubule cells of the submandibular gland, In spite of the inability to increase the ¹²⁵IUdR uptake, injections of L-thyroxine increased the activity of esteroprotease, an enzyme which is used as a differentiation marker of the convoluted tubule cells, The present result suggests that hormones which induce differentiation of cells in the mouse submandibular gland do not necessarily induce the proliferation.

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The significance of the body sway test was studied using a stabilometer (SG-1). One hundred and six normal persons were subjected for the fundamental study to analyse nine parameters. In addition, comparison was made between the normal and the vertiginous persons to find useful parameters for differential diagnosis and to determine the clinical significance of this test.
The results obtained were as follows:
1) It was concluded that in a test session, the first test values should be discarded, and the second and third test values should be adopted.
2) A high correlation was observed between REC AREA, RMS and SD AREA, and between LNG and MX, in normal subjects.
3) The daily variation in normal subjects was greater in the eyes closed test than in the eyes open test, except for MX and MY. Although each parameter was stable, a great daily variation was observed in the ratio of the eyes closed to the eyes open test results.
4) From the stand point of so-called SN ratio, the results of the eyes open test and the eyes closed test should be evaluated independently.
5) There was a significant difference in LNG/TIME, LNG and MX in daily variance, from the dispersion analysis of parameters for factors of the individual, open and closed conditions of the eye, and the daily variance.
6) The body sway pattern was more diffuse in the vertiginous than in the normal subjects, on the eyes closed test.
7) The normal group was divided into three age groups from the analysis of nine parameters.
8) All parameters except for MX and MY were clinically useful, and the ratio of the eyes closed to the eyes open test results was of no use for differenciating the vertiginous from the normal subjects.
9) It was difficult to make the etiological diagnosis on the vertiginous patients by a stabilometer test alone, and this should be performed as one of the necessary tests for diagnosis.

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