Fifty mandibles of Rhesus monkeys, a member of macaque of primates, were morphologically studied. These mandibles were of the youth with M_3 unerupted. These mandibles were classified in accordance with the degree of teeth eruption, and developmental state of the mandibles was examined. The results were as follows : 1. Development of the attachment point to the mandible of the masticatory muscles were slight because of young age. However the pterygoid rough was comparatively well developed. 2. The mental foramen averaged 0.91mm in diameter and its size was not related to the eruption of teeth. The mental foramen was located directly under m_1 in the deciduous dentition group, below and between m_1 and m_2 in the mixed dentition group with first molars erupted, and below p_2 in the permanent dentition group with second molars erupted. The height of the position of the mental foramen was slightly below the center. This is slightly lower than humans. The opening of the mental foramen was directed anterosuperiorly or anteriorly in many of the deciduous dentition group, and anteroinferiorly in many cases with the eruption of molars. 3. The mandibular foramen averaged 1.85mm in diameter, but gradually enlarged with eruption of teeth. The diameter was 2.26mm with the eruption of M_2. The height of the mandibular foramen was slightly lower than the center for the deciduous dentition group, moved upward with eruption of teeth, and was located about the center with the eruption of M_2. 4. The form of the mandibular head is elliptic and elongated in the right and left directions. In carnivore, the form is much more elongated and pigs and wild boars present a nearly square form with the width and thickness of the mandibular head about the same. 5. The mandibular notch showed an index of 36.71. The depth of the notch is shallower than humans but deeper than dogs. As compared with pigs and wild boars, the depth is shallower. The notch gets shallower along with eruption of teeth. 6. Each measurement for the mandibles increses in magnitude with eruption of teeth. However, the mandibular angle does not change at all. The rates of increase for the mandibular length and height are high as compared with the width. 7. Thomson's mandibular index is 91.41, which indicates that the inter-mandibular heads width is slightly greater than the mandibular length. With eruption of teeth, the indexes get larger and indicate that the rate of increase for the mandibular length is significantly larger than that for the width. 8. The height of the coronoid process is slightly higher than that of the condylar process. In carnivore such as dogs, the height of the coronoid process is twice that of the condylar process. Differences were seen between various animals.

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Langdon Down in 1866 first reported "Mongolism", which is later called Down's syndrome. Lejeune (1955) proved the chromosomal number of these patients to be 47 and termed it 21-trisomy. Although numerous reports have been made on the physical and oral characteristics of Down's syndrome, very few studies treat the statistical investigations on the tooth crown morphology with use of plaster models. The present author therefore made a dimensional and statistical investigation of the quantitative traits in crown morphology in a total of 61 subjects with Down's syndromes diagnosed clinically and cytogenetically and compared them with those of a total of 100 subjects who were devoid of the syndromes. The results obtained were summarized as follows : 1. Both the mesiodistal and buccolingual diameters were conspicuously inferior for Down's syndrome group as compared with those of the normal group. 2. The reduced rates of the buccolingual diameter than of the mesiodistal diameter were greater for the Down's syndrome group than for the control group. 3. The double shovel-shaped incisors were found in 4.3% in the upper central incisors (<I_1>___-) and in 7.3% in the upper lateral incisors (<I_2>___-), and the shovel-shaped incisors in 44.7% in <I_1>___- and in 38.0% in <I_2>___-. The occurrence was less frequent for Japanese and significantly less than in the normal group. 4. Caninization of lateral incisors in the Down's syndrome group was found in 50.9% in the upper jaw and in 43.8% in the lower jaw. The apperarance was more frequent than in the normal group. The distal accessory ridge found on the lingual surface of canine teeth appeared in 64.4% in the upper jaw and in 59.2% in the lower jaw. The appearance was less frequent in the syndrome group than in the normal group. 5. As to the cuspal types in the lower premolar teeth, 2-Type and 2 Type combined accounted for 58.3%, and 3- Type and 3 Type combined 41.7% in the first premolar teeth in the Down's syndrome group. The latter types were more frequent as compared with those of the normal Japanese. In the second premolars, there were no noticeable differences between the two groups. 6. Degeneration of hypocone in the upper molars of the Down's syndrome group accounted for 16.4% in the upper first molars, and 61.0% in the upper second molars with 3 Typs and 3- Typs combined. This degenerative tendency was more conspicuous in the syndrome group than in the normal Japanese. 7. Mesiodistally compressed crowns in the upper molars of the Down's syndrome group were observed in 7.3% in the first molars and in 48.8% in the second molars. These percentages were higher than those of the normal Japanese. 8. Carabelli cusps in the upper first molars occurred in 3.8%. The occurrence was less frequent in the Down's syndrome group than in the normal Japanese. 9. Dryopithecus pattern in the lower molars was seen in 45.3% in the first molars (<M_1>^^^-) and in 8.7% in the second molars (<M_2>^^^-), which were lower than those of the normal Japanese. 10. Protostylid in <M_1>^^^- occurred in 9.2% each, which was quite similar to that of the normal Japanese. Deflecting wrinkles accounted for 27.7% in <M_1>^^^- in the Down's syndrome group. This value did not differ much from that of the normal group. Occurrence of the sixth cusp was found in the 50.7% in <M_1>^^^- and in 26.8% in <M_2>^^^-, which were higher than those of the normal Japanese. The seventh cusp was found in 20.9% in <M_1>^^^- and in 8.7% in <M_2>^^^-, which were higher than those of the normal Japanese

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108匹のチャイニーズハムスターを使用し, 歯牙の石灰化開始時期と出齦時期を調べた.1. 切歯は出生後24時間以内に出齦する.2. 第一大臼歯は生後4日目に石灰化がはじまり, 10日目頃に出齦する.3. 第二大臼歯は4-6日目に石灰化がはじまり, 12-13日目に出齦する.4. 第三大臼歯は11-12日目に石灰化がはじまる.下顎は25日目頃, 上顎は28-35日目頃に出齦する.5. チャイニーズハムスターの大臼歯の石灰化開始から萌出までの期間はゴルデンハムスター, ラット, マウス, ライスラットに比べて相対的に短かかった.

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The formation of δ-aminolevulinate (ALA) is the first step of the biosynthetic pathway of tetrapyrroles, leading to heme, chlorophyll, vitamin B_<12> and other tetrapyrroles. It is generally accepted that ALA is formed by ALA synthase (EC 2.3.1.37) which catalyses the condensation of glycine and succinyl CoA. The enzyme has not been demonstrated in plants. It is thought that the C-5 pathway is the major, possibly the sole, route for the formation of ALA ; a route (C-5 transamination pathway) involving γ, δ-dioxovalerate as an intermediate followed by transamination of ALA has been supported as one of the C-5 pathways. Recently, Varticovski et al. purified and partially characterized alanine : γ, δ-dioxovalerate aminotransferase (AVT) involved in the C-5 transamination pathway, suggesting the possibility that this pathway plays a role in the biosynthesis of ALA in vivo. In the present study, detailed properties of AVT in animals and plants were examined to demonstrate a role of the C-5 transamination pathway in the biosynthesis of ALA. AVT and alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase (EC 2.6.1.44) were co-purified to homogeneity from bovine liver mitochondria. The ratio of the two activities remained constant during purification and was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. AVT activity was competitively inhibited by glyoxylate. Some kinetic data were presented. These results show that the two activities are associated with the same protein. The enzyme was much higher in the glyoxylate aminotransferase activity than in the dioxovalerate aminotransferase activity. The purified enzyme had a molecular weight of approximately 200, 000 with four identical subunits and an isoelectric point of 5.4. The activity ratio of AVT to the glyoxylate aminotransferase was determined with alanine : glyoxylate aminotransferase preparations from various mammalian liver and kidney. A specific aminotransferase for L-alanine and γ, δ-dioxovalerate was found in the cucumber seeds. In dark-grown cucumber seedlings, AVT activity in the transitional region between shoot and root was remarkably high compared with that in the cotyledons. The exposure of the dark-grown seedlings to illumination resulted in a rapid and dramatic increase in the activity only in this transitional region. In contrast, the enzyme in the cotyledons, stem, and roots did not respond to illumination. After a 27-h illumination, the enzyme activity in the transitional region was 100-fold higher than that in the cotyledons. Other aminotransferases assayed in the transitional region did not respond to illumination. AVT in the transitional region was also specific for L-alanine and γ, δ-dioxovalerate.

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The end product of purine metabolism varies from species to species. In man and other primates and birds, the end product is uric acid because they do not possess uricase (EC 1.7.3.3) activity. In mammals other than primates and some reptiles, the end product is allantoin ; uricase is responsible for the hydrolysis of uric acid to allantoin. In most fish and amphibia, the allantoin formed is further degraded to urea and glyoxylate via allantoic acid by allantoinase (EC 3.5.2.5) and allantoicase (EC 3.5.3.4). In some marine invertabrates and crustaceans the urea formed is hydrolysed to NH_3 and CO_2 by urease (EC 3.5.1.5). Because the degradation of purines is much less complete in higher animals, it is apparent that certain enzymes have been lost during animal evolution, e.g. uricase, allantoinase, allantoicase, and urease. In the present study, subcellular localization and properties of enzymes involved in purine degradation were examined with 5 amphibian and 13 fish liver. 1. Allantoinase and allantoicase were co-purified from frog (Rana catesbeiana) liver to homogeneity. The ratio of the two enzyme activities remained constant during purification and was unchanged by a variety of treatments of the purified enzyme. These results suggest that allantoinase and allantoicase are located in the same protein (allantoinase and allantoicase complex). It was found that the two hepatic enzyme activities were also associated with the same protein in other frog (Xenopus laevis and Rana nigromaculata), tadpoles (Rana catesbeiana), and newts (Triturus pyrrhogaster). In contrast, allantoinase and allantoicase were found to be different proteins in marine fish and invertebrate liver. Allantoinase and allantoicase complex was designated ALNC, allantoinase ALN and allantoicase ALC. 2. Uricase was located in the peroxisomal matrix of amphibian liver. 3. ALNC of Rana catesbeiana was suggested to be located at the cytoplasmic side of the intracellular granule membrane. 4. The ALNC-binding protein was suggested to be present in the intracellular granule membrane. 5. Uricase was located in the peroxisomal matrix in fish liver. 6. Subcellular localization of hepatic ALN and ALC was found to vary among fishes as follows. Type 1. ALN was located both in the peroxisomal matrix and in the cytosol and ALC in the peroxisomal matrix (sardine, young yellow-tail, flying fish, yellow mackerel and bonito). Type 2. ALN was located both in the peroxisomal matrix and in the cytosol, and ALC at the external face of the peroxisomal membrane (mackerel and grunt). Type 3. ALN was located in the cytosol and ALC at the external surface of the peroxisomal membrane (crucian carp, large mouth bass and sunfish). Type 4. ALN was located in the cytosol and ALC in the peroxisomal matrix (carp, gray mullet and pale chab).

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A histological and histochemical study was undertaken to clear the rat temporomandibular joint in the early developmental stage. The following results were obtained. I. General histological finding 1. In rat, the early formation of the articular disc was seen at 18 days fetus. And at 20 days fetus, the early forms of the mandibular fossa and head were regulated, and the membraneous ossification was seen in the mandibular head at immediately after birth, and an increase of the blood vessels was observed in the peripheral area of the base of the articular disc from about 12 days after birth. II. Enzyme histochemical finding 1. In alkaline phosphatase, the activity area was seen continuously between the zygomatic process and the temporal bone at 18 days fetus, and in the developmental stage of the mandibular fossa the activity area was seen in the circumference of the bone matrix and the fibrous connective tissue on the surface of the mandibular fossa. However, the articular disc did not showed the activity. In the mandibular head, the high activity was seen in the mature chondrocytes, the enchondral ossification and the membraneous ossification areas. 2. In acid phosphatase, the mandibular fossa showed the high activity in the central bone addition area and the articular disc showed the significant high activity in the area facing to the upper and lower articular spaces at 20 days after birth. The mandibular head showed an increase of activity with the maturation of the chondrocytes, and activity in the enchondral ossification area increased with passage of time. The activity higher than moderate one was seen in the circumference of the membraneous ossification area. 3. In adenosine triphoshatase, the high activity was seen in the circumference of the bone matrix of the articular fossa, especially in the area where its central bone addition was excellent. The high activity was seen in the articular disc and in the circumference of the basal area. In the mandibular head, the activity increased in the part of its surface with maturation of the chondrocytes. And the activity was seen in the area only where the enchondral ossification had just occured. 4. In thiamine pyrophosphatase, the area forming the bone matrix of the articular fossa and enchondral ossification area in the mandibular head showed the high activity. The articular disc showed the low activity in the areas facing to the upper and lower articular spaces. 5. In lactate dehydrogenase, the articular fossa showed the activity in the osteoblasts and osteocytes in the central bone addition area. The articular disc showed the clear activity, and high activity area existed in the lower articular space. The mandibular head increased the activity with the maturation of the chondrocytes, and the enchondral ossification area showed the high activity in the circumference of the grown bone trabeculae. 6. In succinate dehydrogenase, the articular fossa showed the activity in the osteoblasts and osteocytes. The low activity was seen in the articular disc and the fibrous connective tissue layer on the surface of the mandibular head, but little activity was seen in the chondrosis layer. 7. In isocitrate dehydrogenase, the osteoblasts and osteocytes of the articular fossa showed the activity, and the articular disc showed it in the layer contacting with the upper and lower articular spaces. The chondrocyte of the mandibular head increased the activity with its maturation, and significant high activity was seen in the membraneous ossification and enchondral ossification

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Peritoneal macrophages were induced by Peptone or LPS, isolated and cultured for five hours. The morphology of the macrophages was observed during the culure period. We morphologically classified the macrophage cultures into three distinct types : round type(A), long type(B), and flat type(C). Then each type cell was characterized by some functional markers as the phagocytosis and the Fc receptor. The results obtained were as follows ; The proportion of the A type macrophage to total one decreased in the course of culture period, while those of the B or the C type cell increased, regardless of the inducers (Peptone or LPS). Throughout the culture period, the proportion of the C type cell were higher in the case of the induction by LPS than in the case of Peptone, but the reverse result was obtained in that of the A type cell. Both the proportion of the phagocytic cells and that of the Fc receptor positive cells were the greatest in the C type macrophage.

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For the oral mucous disease, a solution or an ointment type of dosage has been employed generally. Recently a new sticky type of tablet which sticks tightly to the mucous membrane was developed with a view to sustaining the effect of the agent and reducing the dose of it. This study was scheduled to evaluate the dissolution, stickiness to the membrane and localized retention of this type of tablet. The specimens were experimentally prepared according to the methods of Ishida et al. (1981), with use of dexamethasone as a basis for treating aphthous stomatitis. Results obtained were as follows. 1. Dissolution rate of the basis was getting higher at first, and it became constant after 4hours and it was 9.4±1.4%/hr till 11 hours. 2. The sickiness of the specimen to a peritoneal membrane of a hamster was 1.03±0.18kg/cm^2 (n=7) by tensile test. 3. It was found that the specimen continued to stick to the oral mucous membrane of a dog for about 5 hours.

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Collarless porcelain veneer crown has excellent esthetic properties in the area of the lavial margin. It can eliminate the underlying metal collar and minimize the plaque retention. Several techniques such as platinum foil, refractory die, and direct lift techniques, have evolved an attempt to simplify the making procedure of this restoration. The present paper deals with the improved direct lift technique. The conventional direct lift technique has a problem of poor marginal integrity. Recentry "margin porcelain", high temperature fusing dentin powder, and "corrective powder of margin (C.P.M)" were developed, and the use of these materials could easily improved the adaptability of the porcelain margin. After cementation of the porcelain crown, cement thickness was between 5 to 18 μm at the margin. It is found that the margin of the porcelain crown has a tendency to be rounded off during final baking. Such a rounded shape of the margin will result in allowing the minimal extention into gingival sulcus and it may be favorable for the periodontal health. This technique does not require as much skill for the dentist and technician as the other techniques do. Although some problems still remain in the die material or others, this technique was confirmed to be effective.

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Oral cancer has been known to invade the surrounding soft tissue and jaw bones in its early stage. In the oral cavity particular, the mode of its invasion and growth is varied and not uniform, because of the anatomical complexity in structure. It is therefore necessary to have sufficient knowledge of its mode of proliferation in order to achieve desirable treatment results. The author therefore transplanted VX2 carcinoma in the submandibular glands of normal domestic rabbits and made a histopathological investigation of its proliferation behavior and the accompanying changes in the submandibular glands. The results were as follows : 1. VX2 carcinoma transplanted in the submandibular glands of domestic rabbits proliferated and enlarged with time and invaded along the intralobular and interlobular connective tissues into the glandular tissue. Furthermore, the invasion gradually degenerated and destroyed the acinous cells of the terminal portion. The tumor cells proliferated while invading in cord-like manner. The tumor cells enveloped and destroyed the striated and interlobular ducts and showed findings of changes leading to cytolysis and necrosis. Meanwhile, as the VX2 carcinoma tissue invaded and proliferated tumor cells showing morphological regressive changes were observed in the striated and interlobular ducts or in the venous system. 2. With invasion by and proliferation of VX2 carcinoma tissue, round cells, consisting mainly of lymphocytes, invaded and appeared to surround the tumor tissue in the glandular tissue. In the acinous cells of the terminal portion in particular, extensive regressive changes were observed. Such regressive changes increased in extent and degree with time. However, changes of such degrees were not observed in the striated and interlobular epithelial cells of the ducts. 3. With the invasion by and proliferation of VX2 carcinoma tissue, regressive changes occurred in the submandibular gland. As a result, PAS positive substance decreased in the acinous cells of the terminal portion. The invasion and proliferation not only induced regressive changes in the salivary gland tissue morphologically but also affected synthesis of the secretory substance and excretion functionally. 4. In the present experiment, proliferation of VX2 carcinoma was observed in the submandibular glands of domestic rabbits. The present experiment is considered to be useful as a model of experimental salivary gland cancer along with other oral cancer models reported to date.

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The movement of 83 cases diagnosed as malignant tumors in the Second Department of Oral Surgery, Kyushu Dental College Hospital, during the period from 1978 to 1982, were clinically analysed. The following results were obtained. 1) A series of 83 cases of malignant tumors in oral cavity has been reported. Its incidence was seen in 1.1% of outpatients, in 8.5% of inpatients and in 40.5% of the patients with oral neoplasm. Through the period from 1973 to 1982, there was increasing in number. 2) The malignant tumor in the majority of 83 cases was located on the tongue (27.7%), but occurred with lesser frequency on the gingiva of the mandible (19.3%), the gingiva of the maxilla (16.9%), the hard palate (16.9%), the floor of the mouth (9.6%), the buccal mucosa (7.2%), the lip and the submandibular region (1.2%). Through the period from 1973 to 1982, there was decreasing in number in the gingiva of the maxilla, but there was increasing in number in the gingiva of the mandible and the buccal mucosa. 3) Of the malignant tumors (83 cases), 43 cases (51.8%) were between 50 and 60 years of age (the average 60.2 years). However, during the period from 1973 to 1977, the average was 63.0 years. 4) As to the incidence by sex, the incidence of malignant tumors was slightly higher in males. Through the period from 1973 to 1982, there was no change in the movement. 5) This series was found histopathologically to be ; carcinoma was 90.4%, sarcoma was 4.8% and malignant melanoma was 4.8%. Of the carcinoma (75 cases), squamous cell carcinoma was 81.3%, mucoepidermoid carcinoma was 5.3%, adenoid cystic carcinoma was 4.0%, carcinoma simplex was 2.7% and adeno carcinoma was 1.3%.

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Dental xeroradiography provides a new theoretical, convenient, low-radiation-dose radiography. Recently, Xerox 110 system, a new imaging system for dental xeroradiography, was developed in the United States of America. In this study, X-ray images of conventional radiography and xeroradiography are compared, and the value of dental xeroradiography is discussed. Xeroradiography is superior to the conventional radiography in the deliniation of several structures, such as gum, pulp chamber, and periapical region. But xeroradiography is not a suitable technique for qualitative diagnosis of bone lesions. Though xeroradiography has some disadvantage on qualitative diagnosis of bone lesions, but it promises to add a new dimension to the diagnosis and treatment of dental diseases.

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Lipoma, a benign neoplasm of adipose tissue, is a common tumor that is found almost anywhere on the body. However, oral lipomas are considered to be relatively rare. Recently, we experienced the oral lipoma that occurred on left cheek membrane of 75-year-old woman. Pathological diagnosis of this tumor is lipoma simplex. As clinical findings, the shape of this lipoma is considered to be very rare. Then we collected 75 cases of lipoma during the past 23 years in Japan. The results were as follows : 1. The cheek is the most common site. 2. Lipoma is more often seen at the age of 50-60 years. 3. Men and women are equally affected.

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Fungus infections of the paranasal sinuses were considered as to be rare in occurrence. However, recently such infections seem to have increased with advent of therapy with antibiotics, steroid hormone and anticancerous agents. This report presents a rare case of aspergillosis of the maxillary sinus. A 37-year-old man complained a dull pain of the left maxilla. X-ray and CT examinations revealed a diffuse radiopacity in the left maxillary sinus. Clinical diagnosis of maxillary sinusitis was made and Caldwell-Luc operation was performed. The maxillary sinus was opened with finding of caseous material. Postoperative histopathological examination of this material revealed the presence of aspergillus. Results of follow-up examination up to 8 months postoperative showed no recurrence

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