Medical disease morbidity of dental outpatients (990 subjects : 374 male, 616 female ; average 40.6 years old.) in Kyushu Dental College Hospital was surveyed by taking a questionnaire. Nearly 30 percent of dental outpatients was suffering from medical diseases, and 47.9 percent had been suffering previously. Anesthesiologists treated the oldest subjects, among dental patients, who had many medical diseases. Aging markedly increased the morbidity rate of medical diseases, which reached about 70 percent in subjects older than 70 years. Hypertension was the most frequent medical diseases as either present or past complications in dental patients. Angina pectoris, liver disease, gastroduodenal ulcer, and arrhythmia were also medical complications, from which dental patients were frequently suffering. The morbidity rate of hypertension, angina pectoris and diabetes mellitus was gradually increased by aging, but that of gastroduodenal ulcer, renal disease and arrhythmia was not clearly elevated. In conclusion, medical disease morbidity rate in dental outpatients was increased by aging, as is the case in dental inpatients.

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Using the method of retrograde transport of horseradish perioxdase (HRP) the authors (1987, 1989) demonstrated the existence of the primary afferent neurons which innervate the tooth pulp in the feline mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN). In the present study with the same HRP method the possibility of dual innervation of the tooth pulp by the trigeminal ganglion (TG) and MTN was examined in a variety of mammalian species including the cat. HRP was applied to the pulp horn of the mandibular teeth excluding incisors in 4 rats, 4 rabbits, 4 cats, 3 dogs and one monkey ; all animals were subjected to postoperative administration of the anti-inflammatory steroid, prednisolone. The number and size of HRP-labeled neurons appeared in the TG and/or MTN as well as in the superior cervical ganglion (SCG) were measured. The number and size distributions were compared statistically among the TG, MTN, and SCG, and among the five species. The results obtained can be summarized as follows : 1) In the rat and rabbit labeled neurons were found in the TG, but none were found in the MTN. In the cat, dog and monkey, on the other hand, labeled cells were found both in the TG and MTN. All labeled cells appeared in the TG and MTN only on the side ipsilateral to the HRP application. 2) Within the TG the labeled cells localized in its posterolateral region corresponding to the mandibular division, which was common to the five species. 3) Within the MTN of the cat, dog and monkey the labeled cells, being either unipolar or pseudounipolar, were distributed in almost all rostrocaudal extent of the nucleus. The majority of the labeled neurons were concentrated to the caudal half of the MTN. 4) The soma diameter of all labeled SCG neurons having unmyelinated C fibers showed less than 36μm. Accordingly, the neurons in the TG and MTN were effectively separated into two categories, large cells and small cells, based on the soma diameter of 36μm. The large cells and small cells were considered to be the neurons having myelinated fibers and unmyelinated fibers, respectively. 5) In the cat labeled neurons in the MTN were significantly larger than those in the TG. 61.8% and 85.9% of labeled neurons in the TG and MTN were categorized into the large cells, respectively. In the monkey, on the contrary, labeled neurons in the TG were significantly larger than those in the MTN. 76.9% and 46.2% of labeled neurons were grouped into the large cells in the TG and MTN, respectively. 6) Assuming that the cell body diameter of the primary sensory neurons is in proportion to their axon diameter, it is reasonable to regard the great majority of tooth-pulp neurons in the feline MTN and monkey TG as Aβ-range neurons being engaged in the low threshold mechanoreception. 7) In conclusion a conspicuous species difference was found in the primary sensory neurons which innervate tooth pulps in the rat, rabbit, cat, dog and monkey. Dual innervation of the tooth pulp by the TG and MTN occurred in the cat, dog and monkey, but not in the rat and rabbit. This species difference in pulpal innervation might be brought about by a cumulative dominance over the teeth closely associated with feeding habit.

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We investigated the prevalence of abnormality on electrocardiograms of the 296 patients hospitalized in oral and maxillofacial surgery division of the Kyushu Dental College Hospital. Its relationship with their age or medical complications (hypertension, diabetes mellitus, and hyperlipidemia, which were diagnosed from not only their histories but their blood pressure and laboratory data) was studied. They were 147 males and 149 females, and their mean age was 42 years old. Dysrhythmia, cardiomegalic change, atrioventricular block, intraventricular block (except incomplete right branch block), and ischemic change were regarded as abnormal on electrocardiogram. Abnormality on electrocardiogram was found in fifty-seven or 19% of the patients, and 84% of them were ischemic change. Aging increased the frequency of abnormal findings and ischemic change (both P<.0001), and among the patients older than 60 years abnormality was found in 36% and ischemic change was found in 31%. Hypertension increased the prevalence of abnormality (p=0.0003) and ischemic change (p<0.0001), and overlap of medical complications increased the frequency of ischemic change (p=0.0008). Thirty-eight percent of the patients older than 60 years complicated with hypertension showed high prevalence (38%) of ischemic change. In conclusion, aging and medical complication especially hypertension increase the prevalence of abnormality or ischemic change on electrocardiogram. These risk factors should be checked, and electrocardiogram is recommended before surgical dental procedures.

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An anthropological study of the oral cavity in various areas of Japan and neighboring countries has been conducted to clarify racial lineage. The aim of this study is to clarify the oral traits of Iki population. Plaster models were taken from 108 males and 111 females from 15 to 17 in age, and were measured. Each measurement of dental arches and palates of the Iki population was compared between males and females. And each measurement of the Iki population was also compared with that of Japanese (Ishigakijima, Okinawa, Tanegashima, Goto, Kitakyushu population), Taiwanese, Taiwan Aboriginals (Ami, Bunun, Paiwan, Rukai tribes) and Central American Indian Jicaques. Dental arch lengths of the Iki were significantly greater in the males than in the females. The dental arch lengths were greater in the Iki than in the Taiwan Aboriginals or the Jicaques. Dental arch breadths of the Iki were significantly greater in the males than in the females. The dental arch breadths between upper canines were greater in the Iki than in the other Japanese, the Taiwanese or the Taiwan Aboriginals. But they were smaller in the Iki than in the Taiwanese or the Taiwan Aboriginals in lower posterior dental arch breadth. They were smaller in the Iki than in the Jicaques at all regions. Lengths of dental arch of the Iki were significantly greater in the males than in the females. The lengths of dental arch were similar to the other Japanese, the Taiwanese and the Jicaques. The lengths of dental arch at left first molar were greater in the Iki than in the Taiwan Aboriginals. Palatal heights and length of sutura palatina mediana of the Iki were not significantly different between males and females. The palatal heights were smaller in the Iki than in the other Japanese or the Taiwan Aboriginals. The posterior palatal heigths were greater in the Iki than in the Taiwanese. The length of sutura palatina mediana were shorter in the Iki than in the Okinawa or the Goto. They were longer in the Iki than in the Bunun, the Paiwan or the Rukai. Palatal arch lengths of the Iki were significantly greater in the males than in the females. The palatal arch lengths were smaller in the Iki than in the Taiwanese, the Paiwan, the Rukai or the Jicaques. They were greater in the Iki than in the Ami. Palatal breadths of the Iki were significantly greater in the males than in the females. The palatal breadths were smaller in the Iki than in the Taiwanese or the Jicaques. They were smaller in the Iki than in the Taiwan Aboriginals except between canines. Mandibular alveolar breadths of the Iki were significantly greater in the males than in the females. The mandibular alveolar breadths were smaller in the Iki than in the Taiwan Aboriginals or the Jicaques. These findings and the results of cluster analysis and neighbor-joining method suggest that oral traits of the Iki population differ from those of the Taiwan Aboriginals and the Jicaques, and are similar to the other Japanese and the Taiwanese, especially in the Goto population.

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In order to construct a stable lower complete denture, the principle and the technique of the so-called flange technique, or the neutral zone technique has been utilized in our department of prosthetic dentistry for about thirty years, and the satisfactory results have been obtained in clinic. However, little theoretical explanation about the morphological chractristics of the denture space has been presented. The purpose of this research was to examine the relationship between the denture space and the alveolar ridge, and between the tongue space and the mucous membrane of cheek which surround the denture space, and also the physiological acceptance of the denture space. For this examination sixteen patients with functioning and healthy oral supporting tissue except for edentulous jaws were chosen so that the characteristics of form of the denture space were clarified by flange technique. After impressions were obtained in the usual manner, stone casts were poured. On the lower cast, a base plate has been fabricated with self-curing acrylic resins for each patient, and two to seven plates were duplicated from the base plate by usual flasking method, in order to record repeatedly under the same condition. The complete denture constructed according to the denture space obtained in such a way has shown an excellent stability, especially during non-articulation such as speaking. Therefore each denture space recorded in such a way can be considered to be one of phisiologically and functionally acceptable amounts, although the individual shape of the denture spaces might have subtle differences. The results considered from such a view-point could be summarized as follows : 1. About 12% in acceptable area of the denture space was found through the statistical analyses. 2. The acceptable amount was smaller in molars than that in anterior regions with tendency to increase. 3. In the relation between the mid-point of the denture space and the alveolar ridge line, the former in the molar had 1mm of acceptable amount to the buccal direction and in the anterior region 2mm to the labial direction. 4. The acceptable amount of the denture space was about 2.5 to 3% in length. 5. In the buccolingual width of the denture space it was recognized a positive correlation as well by regression analysis (p<0.05). 6. Positive correlation was detected between the width and the length in the mesial half of the lingual margin area (ST/2) and the buccal margin area (SB/2) of the denture space, but no correlation between them in the whole area to the lingual margin (ST) and the whole area to the buccal margin (SB) of the denture space. 7. Although no correlation coefficient between the area surrounded by SA and SD was found, a positive correlation was detected by regression analysis between SA and ST, and also between SA and SB (p<0.001) respectively. 8. Positive correlations were recognized significantly between the right and the left halves of SD and the right and the left halves of SB, but the correlation of SD was smaller compared with that of SB 9. SA, ST, SB and SD showed a ratio of 2.5 : 2.3 : 3.8 : 1.4. 10. About 1.7mm and 2.0mm of acceptable amounts were recognized respectively in the distance from the alveolar ridge line to the buccal margin and to the lingual margin of the denture space in the reference points, P_3, P_4, P_5, where the occlusion could be considered as most important. To construct complete denture prostheses, especially in their difficult cases, it seemed to be essential to obtain the denture space recording and to arrange the denture teeth and to form the polished surface within the space, though it was detected that the denture space had a fairly acceptable area.

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The frequencies of occurrence of 19 tooth crown traits of 174 Balinese are described and compared with other 18 Asian dental samples based on Turner's (1987) Mongoloid dental variation theory. The purpose of this study is to assess what might be diagnostic of the Balinese dental characteristics and to demonstrate the ethnic relationships of the Balinese among Asian populations. Plaster models were taken from 86 males and 88 females of university students in Denpasal city aged 18 years and older, and they were observed using the Arizona State University Dental Anthropology System. Compared with other Asian populations, the Balinese dentition possess less maxillary central incisor shoveling, maxillary central incisor double-shoveling, deflecting wrinkle and cusp 6 on mandibular first molar. Also, lower first molar protostylid and Y pattern on mandibular second molar frequencies are very low in the Balinese. Also, the frequencies of four-cusped mandibular second molar and Carabell's trait on mandibular first molar are very high in the Balinese. These results defines the Balinese as Sundadonts, classified by Turner, Southeast Asians whose teeth are relatively simple. Two major clusters were found by cluster analysis on Smith's MMD among 20 East Asian populations including the Balinese, based on 19 crown traits. The upper macro-cluster contains all Southeast Asians and Jomonese (Sundadonts), the lower macro-cluster contains all northern peoples (Sinodonts). There are two main groups in Sundadonts' cluster and the Balinese were included in the group which contains the East Malay Archipelago, Recent Indomalaysia, and Burma. The neighbor-joining method was applied to present an unrooted tree. The Balinese were distant from the Sinodonts and close to the East Malay Archipelago, Recent Indomalaysia, and Burma. These results indicate that the Balinese are classified into the Sundadonts and they are much like the East Malay Archipelago, Recent Indomalaysia, and Burma.

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