ソシオロジ
Online ISSN : 2188-9406
Print ISSN : 0584-1380
ISSN-L : 0584-1380
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29 巻, 3 号
通巻　92号
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論文
  • 兼業農家の就業構造と農業経営
    長野県伊那市の畑作地帯の事例
    北原 淳, 材木 和雄
    1985 年 29 巻 3 号 p. 1-31,182
    発行日: 1985/01/31
    公開日: 2017/02/15
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.29.3_1
    ジャーナル フリー
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    　This paper attempts to analyse the process of part-time farming of agricultural households in a central highland region of Japan, where the electronic and precision industries are flourishing.
    　The writers analyse the process from the view point of manpower distribution within the agricultural household, influenced by the expansion of the regional labor market. The viewpoint is somewhat contrary to the traditional one of peasantry differentiation theory.
    　We pay particular attention to decision making concerning the division of labor among the key stem family members (householder's couple + heir's couple), related to the family cycle as well as to the householder's generation.
    　The first finding is that job changes by agricultural householders into the non-agricultutal sector were especially prevalent during 1965-1974, when the industries were expanding rapidly. Since 1975, however, it has become usual that the heirs choose non-agricultural jobs from the start, immediately proceeding graduation. The middle aged housewives also have shifted to parttime non-agricultural work.
    　Secondly, the generational division of labor among the key stem family members is patterned not only according to the size of land holding, but by the relative position in the household. To take example, a full time farmer of a single generation household on one day can easily be changed into a part-time farmer the next day, due to income from the non-agricultural work of heir's generation.
    　Thirdly, the generation still practicing full time farming is in its sixties, with a few exeptional cases of fourties and fifties. When generation changes, a pure type of part-time farming appears which is composed of one or two generations doing farm work part time.
    　The fourth is that those for whom the vocational change was most painful and difficult are those householders in their fifties and sixties, who were forced to change to a non-agricultural occupation, faced with the industry-agriculture gap caused by the “high economic growth”.
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  • アーバン・エスニシティ論再構築のための一試論
    アフリカ都市社会論序説
    松田 素二
    1985 年 29 巻 3 号 p. 33-55,181
    発行日: 1985/01/31
    公開日: 2017/02/15
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.29.3_33
    ジャーナル フリー
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    　Ethnicity has been a matter of controversy and is still a key concept in African urban studies. This paper, however, either intends to make vain effort to redefine it nor to put the already established definitions in order. The purpose of this study lies in elucidating a dynamic process of ethnic formation and devel opment.
    　Theoretical points of view on ethnicity presented so far can be roughly classified into two types. According to the one, ethnicity is regarded as a cognitive tool for categorization through which cultural and behavioral difference are tranformed into ethnic categories. The other type assumes ethnicity to be a means to increase common politico-economic interests as much as possible.
    　But both types do not give a sufficient answer to the problem of ethnic flexibility, that is, a situational selection of ethnic identity or the fluctuation of ethnic boundary. This paper pays much more attention to the creation and reconstruction process of urban ethnic identity and tries to make clear the mechanism which governs this process and produces ethnic flexibility in it.
    　On the nature of urban ethnicity, one idea has been very prevalent that it should be a replica of the rural cultural identity (“tribal” identity). This idea of continuity is, however, too simple for understanding complex urban phenomenon. This paper introduces a hypothetical concept of basic ethnic boundary as a prototype image of ethnicity, a kind of collective illusion molded in the homeland. To be sure, some characteristics of urban ethnicity may be borrowed from basic ethnic boundary but the nature of urban ethnicity is newly created and developed in a fashion unique to itself.
    　Lastly this paper substantiates the idea that urban ethnic identity and its collective consciousness should be generated as a resistance to structural inequality and uncertainty peculiar to an urban environment. This will be approached through the analysis of everyday life discouse rather than of ritual discourse.
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  • 現代社会における民間医療
    断食医療の事例
    黒田 浩一郎
    1985 年 29 巻 3 号 p. 57-82,180
    発行日: 1985/01/31
    公開日: 2017/02/15
    DOIhttps://doi.org/10.14959/soshioroji.29.3_57
    ジャーナル フリー
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    　This paper has two purposes; (1) to propose the variables contributing to analysis of folk medicines in modern societies, and (2) to investigate “danjiki” (Japanese hunger therapy) as it relates to these variables.
    　(1) My main concern here is with folk medicines under the professional dominance of modern Western medicine. Currently in Japan, modern Western medicine has already achieved a monopoly over medical practice. Therefore, the focal point of analysis should be on the question of how and why the former medicines are practiced in spite of, and under the condition of the latter medicine's predominance. This central question is broken down into 7 variables, which are as follows.
    　A. Practicioners
    　1. turning points which bring about their conversion from the popular idea that “folk medicines are ineffective, superstitious, and dangerous”; the way necessary knowledge and techniques are aquired
    　2. strategies to legitimize folk medicines in relation to modern Western medicine
    　3. steps in order to secure constant clients B. Clients
    　4. factors peculiar to modernized and urbanized societies which turn them to folk medicines
    　5. social strata to which they belong
    　6. their needs which the modern Western medicine cannot meet C. Interaction between practitioners and clients
    　7. the relative effectiveness of folk medicines to satisfy the needs of clients
    　(2) Danjiki is one of the popular folk medicines in modern Japan. This therapy is mainly practiced at about 30 “danjiki doujou” (hunger therapy centers). The data are collected from books and pamphlets issued by the centers and through participation in a 6 day hunger therapy course. One important finding is that this therapy has several apparatuses to meet clients' needs which the modern Western medicine does not (e.g. having clients directly experience the process of recovery).
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