How can we site the project of “the communicative body,” and how can we reintroduce it to sociology?　First, we examine the importance of A. W. Frank’s theory of “the communicative body,” for providing current themes of contemporary sociology, especially of the sociology of the body. By confirming the development and elaboration of Frank’s project, we find that it runs aground, as it were. How could we ride out the storm and restart this project? Maps of the sociology of the body should first be drawn. To fill a gap in this project, we then draw on B. S. Turner’s concepts of dance and performance in our investigation of “the communicative body.” We argue that the empirical research of S. P. Wainwright & B. S. Turner and that of S. Pink will reinforce this idea.　As a result of our research, we could properly site the project of “the communicative body” and could reintroduce it to sociology.　It is hoped that this study, although set within a narrow field, will still shed some light on the broader relationships between “the communicative body,” an ethics of the body,and the sociology of the body.

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　This article aims to examine the factors which influence the sense of fulfillment of workers in Japan. Many studies have mainly put importance on Motivator (such as achievement, responsibility, recognition), and on factors (such as autonomy and complexity) that influence them. On the other hand, the fact also can be clarified that workers’ attitudes towards interpersonal relationships in the workplace, which were negative for many years, became positive in the recent decade. This change in attitude indicates a possibility that today’s workers find value in “relationships with others at work”, an idea which was viewed as unimportant for years, but which is worth reconsidering. Using a quantitative analysis, this study confirmed that not only variables of Motivator but also variables of Cooperative Work affect one’s sense of fulfillment. In the analysis, cooperation with other workers, sense of belongingness to workplace groups, and sense of cooperation with others were used as variables for Cooperative Work.　The salient findings can be seen as the following: firstly, sense of belongingness to workplace groups, and sense of cooperation with others, which are affected by cooperation with other workers, have positive effects on a worker’s job satisfaction in the same way as other factors; secondly, sense of belongingness to workplace groups, and sense of cooperation with others have stronger and more direct effects on the feeling of happiness than the other factors; thirdly, to some extent, the effect of sense of belongingness to workplace groups, and sense of cooperation with others can be found in any type of job. These new findings indicate the possibility that having “solidarity” through “relationships with others in the workplace” is also an important factor which brings about the sense of fulfillment in one’s occupational life.

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　The purpose of this paper is to clarify the difference between girls and boys with regard to ideal student types in the 1930’s, using data from exam scores, social class, physique and personality in the school registers of two prefectural secondary schools, one being ‘Wakayama-Chugakko’ (boys’ school) and the other being ‘Wakayama-Koto-Jogakko’ (girls’ school). Both of these were prestigious schools in Wakayama prefecture. This paper analyzes the class representatives of these secondary schools, because they were not selected by a voting system but were designated by teachers. Therefore, they were most likely looked on as ideal students.　The main findings can be summarized as follows. (1) Most of the class representatives’ exam scores were excellent. There was little difference between boys and girls. (2) In regard to social class, the two schools resembled each other closely. However, in the case of class representatives in the girls’ school, there were more students who came from the upper class or the new middle class than from the old middle class. This tendency is not applicable to the boys’ school. (3) In the case of the boys’ school, the class representatives are likely to have a good physique, if their exam scores are not so high. (4) Concerning their personalities, they have some distinctive features, such as that they tend to be ‘clever’, ‘eager’, ‘lively’, ‘earnest’, ‘competitive’ and ‘trustworthy’. However there are some striking differences. The male class representatives are ‘loyal’ and ‘have a strong point’. On the other hand, the female class representatives are ‘kind’, ‘amiable’, ‘careful’ and ‘have humility’. In addition to the above features, their behavior is graceful and elegant. These differences are interrelated with gender norms, which are based on the gender order within the modern family.

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　Ethnic migration is the process by which migrants who are thought to share the same ethnicity as the receiving state’s majority population use this ethnicity as a “resource” that allows them to enter that state. In Japan, the ethnic migration of Japanese descendants (especially from Brazil) has increased since the mid-1980s and early 1990s. Japanese Brazilians’ position as descendants of the Japanese who migrated to Brazil between 1908 and 1973 is seen by the Japanese government as an ethnic link that justifies their presence in Japan.　My aim in this study is to investigate how the current position of Japanese Brazilians in Japan is influenced by the diverse ways through which the memory of this past migration is constructed.　This study is based on fieldwork conducted between September of 2004 and March of 2008 with a Brazilian NGO in the city of Kobe, where I followed their activities through participant observation. I conducted in-depth interviews with their members, and, in order to better understand their narratives, I made short-term visits to São Paulo, Brazil, and also interviewed their families.　The members of this group put great emphasis on the stories of their Japanese emigrant parents who have now settled in Brazil. But these stories often put forward the belief that Japanese emigrants at the time were fooled and abandoned by the Japanese government. This kind of narrative encourages NGO members to distance themselves from Japanese society, but at the same time allows them to argue that they have a moral right to come to Japan. The representation of the past migration process is thus connected to the ongoing process of ethnic migration, so that the construction of memory carries a clear political connotation. This politics of memory is developed through the interaction between Japanese Brazilians’ strategies and their social contexts.

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　The purpose of this paper is to introduce a new analytical model to the study of retiring athletes and examine its validity by comparison with the transition model which has been predominant in this thematic field of research.　The transition model, based upon a developmental process of lifelong socialization in which a person adapts to career transition, involves several factors which affect that process. This model, however, has two limitations: first, it cannot aptly include the dimension of the sense of lived experience which has motivated athletes; second, it fails to consider that the retirement process for athletes is the experience of retreat not only from sports but also from the pursuit of fulfilling lived experience.　The former limitation is resolved by adopting the concept of trans-socialization presented by Kameyama (2000) which embraces people’s orientation to lived experience. Kameyama pointed out that unique experiences which trigger trans-socialization in athletes help promote their socialization process as well. The latter is also adjusted by introducing Kameyama’s anthropological model (2010). The anthropological model makes a clear distinction between socialization and trans-socialization, and includes the retreat process from lived experience in its perspective. Most important for the retirement process is the concept of de-transsocialization (departure from the fulfilling lived experience). This study classifies the retirement process into two types according to the former athletes’ subjective evaluation of the experience that causes their de-transsocialization: the “proper retirement route” in which athletes can acknowledge their defeat as athletes in terminating their career; or the “shortcut retirement route” in which they cannot. Interviews with eight former players in the Independent Baseball League of Japan were conducted.　Through the analyses of the interviews, the validity of the anthropological model is confirmed in two respects: 1) difficulty of adaptation in role transition is understood as a gap between socialization and trans-socialization; 2) the source of the difficulties is not in the influence of certain negative factors but in the incompleteness of the experience which leads athletes to de-transsocialization. This anthropological model could also be applicable to other human experiences in role transition.

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