It was in 1935 that Dr. E. AKABORI unearthed human skeletons for the first time at Pai-Ling-Miao in the inner Mongolia. Several bones have been found there following this, but nearly none of them were enough complete to bear measurement.
The Specimen No.5 is a very well preserved human skeleton which was dug out at the same site in the summer of 1944. This is a report on this specimen as the second one that fits for measurement found in this site.. A comparison is given in this report of the measurement values of this skull with those of modern Mongolian and the nothern Chinese together with a study on the tribe to which it should be attributed (Fig. 5). The remains found in the ruin with this skull were a reddish pottery (Fig. 2) and five cylindrical beads of stone.
The summary of the measurement of this cranium is as follows :
Cephalic Index : Brachycephalic Trans. Forntopar.-Ind.: Stenometopic:
Length-Height-Ind.: Orthocephalic Facial lnd.: Hypereuryprosopic
Breadth-Height-Inch Tapeinocephalic Orbital lnd.: Mesoconche
In conclusion, the results of the comparison of this cranium with those of the contemporary Mongolians and northern Chinese is summarised as follows : this cranium bears a striking re esemblance to those of the recent Mongolians with its large size and small height, and wide face, while it is quite defferent fromt those of contemporary northern Chinese in its constitution.

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This paper is a trial one on genetical analysis of lamellar flake industry. The writer is interested in role of the technique in each individual culture and its distributional relations. Materials available for present analysis were very few and incomplete, i. e. a museum collection in Engaru which was found while cultivation of the area and consisted of relatively comprehensive artifacts representing a prehistoric indu-stry, and specimens kept at other museum or private collections, most of which were separate finds found on the surface of the ground. In Engaru few potsherds and polished tools are found ; most of artifacts are flakes and chipped tooles such as arrowheads, spearheads, knives, scrapers etc., all of which are made of obsidian possibly brouht from adjacent river bed of the Yubetsu. Polyhedral cores are also found, and core scrapers (transformed polyhedral cores) are relatively dominant. Lamellar flakes are abundant. They were possibly produced by a systematic technique, from polyhedral cores. They have a considerably definite type as a whole differing from accidental ones. Other broader or angular flakes have also some common characteristics in platform-scar angles and dorsal ridges etc. A tendency is suggested that suitable flakes were selected to be trimmed intp tools ; lamellar flakes are utilized to produce knives, arrowheads and spearheads etc, while broader or angular ones for scrapers, borers etc. Lamellar technique might be a profitable method to meet active demands for various blades by hunters ; it might supply speedy and economicaly flakes of a type suitable for production of wanted tools, and spare their trouble to select and trim flakes for making of tools. As a whole, chipped to, except scrapers and some others, are slender. Chipping technique is generally fine ; chipped scars are shallow, long and more parallel. Such fine trimming may have genetical relation with lamellar technique. Three elements, (a) polyhedral cores, (b) lamellar flakes and (c) finely chipped slender blades seem to be closely related, in other words, there seems to be a functional relations between the flaking technique and the type of tools.
In Hokkaido, the technique is closely connected with obsidian. Element (a), a direct evdence of the technique carried out in given place, is found at least from six localities ; 3 along or near River Yubetsu, 2 along River Tokachi (those rivers are main homes of obsidian in Hokkaido), and 1 in Kushiro City. Element (c) is more generally distributed, but in areas where obsidian might not be available for use freely, this element appears often as tools made of other amorphous rocks.
All these elements appear to be found in subarctic zone from N. Asia to N.America, and connected with homogeneous local rocks such as obsidian, flint, agate, chalcedony etc. which are fit for chipped tools and of consideaably limitted occurence. While they are absent in circum pacific zone, i. e Japan proper, Korea, southern Manchuria, China proper and Indochina, etc. Moreover even in subarctic zone, distribution of those elements may possibly show lateral change such as local variation or lacal absence. And yet, on the other hand, those elements seem to be related to one another genetically.
Such elements, or flaking technique and type of tools probably relatiug to Mesolithic tradition, may be some cultural traits indicating historical connections, there are however, further interesting problems ; how were distributions of those elements, or interrelations of them in each individual culture, or influence of environmental and sociocultural potentiality upon them?

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The skeletal remain was excavated from Wakamatsu-cho, Yokosuka City, a site known as the Hirasaka shellmounds, by Asst. Porf. S. SUGIHARA of Meiji Univ. and others, on June l and 2, 1949. The remain was buried shallow in the loam. below the layers of she11, together with other cultural finds of the “Inaridri” type, which belong to the earliest “Jomon” period of prehistoric Japan. Therefore this has so far been the only human skeletal discovery of the most ancient period of Japan.

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There are too many types in the human earform to make approach to the study of heredity and if some characteristics of the ear are taken up one by one, we shall fail to have a whole picture of earform. So it will be reasonable to classify them into some groups of the characteristics which correlate with one another.
Writer recorded nineteen characteristics in the ear by making reference to the hook of BONEWITZ, H, (1934, Eine Studies zur Morphologie and Vererbung einzelner Merkmal der menschlichen Ohrmuschel), and tested the correlation between them. Nineteen characteristics are as follows:
a. inclination of the ear against the head b. congenital canal of the earlobe c. startiflg area of crus hilicis d. direction of crus helicis e. form of helix (frontal) f. form of helix (upper) g. form of helix (hinder) h. helix and upper ear attachment i. skapha j. tragusk. tragus accessorius 1. antitragus m. incisura intertragica (form) n. incisura intertragica (degree of formation) o. Lobulus (degree of formation) p. Lobulus (form) q. Lobulus (thickness) r. form of the whole ear s. tuberculum auriculae (Uarwini)
By testing the correlation, these nineteen characteristics are classified into three groups and five independent characteristics. One group consists of c, e, f, g, i, m, n and r, another one of d, j and k, and the last of o and p. The independent characteristics are a, b, h, q and s.

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Many anthropologists have been evolutionally Pursued the bodily transition of human race through the study of ancient human skeleton. Is it not possible to go by contraries? By starting from the study of existing human body, on the experimental stand-point, we might make clear the relation between the form and function and lay the foundation for explaining the ancient man. It is necessary to know in the first instance about the function of muscles in details.
As the possible most accurate method we chose the action current of muscle. For all the electromyogram in this report, we induced the action current using the surface electrode, three stage-voltage and one stage power amplifyer and Yokokawa Co. type N-3 electromagnetic oscillograph.
The author is obliged to explain much about his fundamental view of action current in the present report with little space for explanation about its application. As to the flexor and extensor groups respective action current of muscles can be purely separated by applying rather small electrode (diameter 0.9cm) to the skin (Fig. 3).
PIPER stated that PIPER rhythm had nothing to do with the strength of the contraction of muscle. But, it appears when the load is laid on and the contraction is very strong. And this relation is not observed with all muscles ; for example, M. abductor hallucis, gastrocnemius and masseter do not show this rhythm at the strongest contraction (Fig. 7). As to the entity, of PIPER rhythm it is wrong to explain with the synchronous activity. It may be understood that PIPER rhythm appears as a three dimensional vector sum of motor units whose discharge frequency is about 50-.
In muscle fatigue the frequency goes down to 20-. The author corroborated the existence of the two classified motor units, one discharge frequency at maximum 20-, the other 50-. The latter shows the so-called " phasic " part of movement and the former so-called "tonic" part. When the acivity of the lat ter discharge does not continue for a long time, the former works long. Accordingly the cause of muscle, fatigue is not to be attributed to the muscle fibre itself, but to motoneuron. The rhythm 20- comes out owing to the fact that with reduction of centripetal impulse, the facilitation at anterior horn cells of spinal cord diminishes.
The problem of "flat feet" must be explained externally as the excessive extension of M. abd. hall. due to superfluous load. This muscle does not show show action current if large load is not applied to it. Therefore we find this muscle entirely acts reflexly. The one cause of flat feet may be considered the depression of function of M. abd. hall.. As the method to derive the internall cause is nit yet to be investigated, we should make the shoe sole adequate to the plantar arch.

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Authors describe two examples of imitations found outside the coffins in ancient tombs of Japan: 1. a group of stone (soapstone) implements consisting of five knives and a sickle, discovered laid side by side below the eastern end of the lid of a stone coffin, (Fig. 1, 2), 2. a wooden sword inserted into the crevice of a stone coffin (Fig. 6). The former was found at Hitachi, the latter at Shimosa, both in Kanto district of Japan.
It is very common with ancient tombs to have various kinds of implements laid beside the dead. And above mentioned imitations of stone and wood are naturally thought to have been buried instead of metal implements for saving. But it is the first occurence that they were found outside the coffin. They may have been used as amulet, bet we will suspend any conclusion till more examples are found.

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