The scientific study of clothing principles may be said to date from about 1930 in Japan, and from about the beginning of the World War II in United States of America. In Japan it was found that when a man wearing a suitable clothing for the season was in a comfortable state, air temperature was about 32°Cand air humidity was about 50% between skin surface and clothing, irrespective of ambient thermal conditions. The scientific study of clothing in United States of America was developed from the information on the temperature regulation of the nude human body.
After the World War II, the scientific study of clothing in Japan has been developed based on the basic principles thus far found in Japan and in United States of America.
In this paper the development of the scientific study of clothing up to now was reviewed. In addition, the study of clothing which can alter its thermal insulation according to the change of physical activity of subjects or the change of ambient thermal conditions, and the study of the effect of clothing on evaporative heat loss were discussed as the problems to be studied in the future.

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On the basis of the close relationship between oxygen intake and heart rate or pulmonary ventilation, the estimation of oxygen intake from heart rate or pulmonary ventilation has been proposed for use in field studies from the viewpoint of avoiding the cost and complexity of gas analysis. Some authors have pointed out that pulmonary ventilation has an advantage over heart rate since instead of the construction of separate regression lines for each subject an over-all regression for at least homogeneous groups of subjects would result only in a small loss of accuracy. In a previous paper the authors presented an equation estimating oxygen intake from heart rate. However this equation is available for male subjects. The purpose of this study is to make the equation for females and to investigate its reliability, and to compare it with the prediction from pulmonary ventilation.
During six kinds of ergometer work of 150 to 600kgm/min, the oxygen intake, pulmonary ventilation, and heart rate were measured on four young adult females. For the whole subjects and for each individual, different regression equations of oxygen intake on pulmonary ventilation or on heart rate were calculated. In addition, from the data about different 13 female adults measured previously in our laboratory, a different regression equation of oxygen intake on pulmonary ventilation were obtained for the whole 13 subjects and a new equation for prediction of oxygen intake from heart rate was proposed as Vo²= vo²(0.558HR-28.5)/(0.558hr-28.5) where Vo2 is estimated value of oxygen intake during the work under investigation corresponding to vo2 (oxygen intake during a given submaximal test work), hr (heart rate during the test work), and HR (heart rate during the work under investigation). This new equation was made to be used for adult females, on the basis of indirect determination of maximal oxygen intake and heart rate during a submaximal work.
Estimated values of oxygen intake during the six kinds of ergometer work were computed using the above different regression equations, the new prediction equations, and the prediction equations proposed by SARTORELLI (1950), FORD & HELLERSTEIN (1959), and RAMANATHAN (1964). Although the best prediction was obtained in the case where the individual regressionsof oxygen intake on heart rate were applied to the same individuals, considerably high reliability of the new prediction equation which the present authors proposed here on the basis of our previous results in our laboratory were confirmed. The reasons why the new equation could make the high reliability in the prediction of oxygen intake were discussed from the viewpoints of sex difference and individual difference in the regression of oxygen intake on heart rate or on pulmonary ventilation, and a small individual difference in the regression of % Vo2 max on heart rate was regarded as the main reason for the advantage of the new prediction equation over the other over-all regressions and prediction equations tested here.

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To investigate the cold adaptability, standard techniques including both methods of local and/or general stimuli were established and introduced by WEINER and LOURIE. The results obtained by this kind of study are of values from the practical as well as the theoretical point of view. The word "adaptatin" mentioned above is sometimes distinguished from the words, adjustment, acclimatization and acclimation, but it will be used here in the most comprehensive way. As for the types of adaptation, mainly four types such as morphological, biochemical and artificial adaptations can be distinguished.
One of the outcomes of cold adaptation is the increase of metabolic heat production and the other is the decrease of heat loss from the body surface. As for the local index of cold tolerance, the parameters of a vasomotor reaction can be used. In this case, it is usually considered that the larger the hunting reaction due to the cold stress, the stronger the local cold tolerance.
As for the biochemical adaptation, hormonal secretions caused by thyroid and suprarenal reactions play very important roles. The changes of metabolisms of free fatty acid, amino acid and glucose are also noticed.
In the case of humans, the adaptation can be achieved by behavior, clothing, housing and heating. These artificial adaptations are sometimes intentionally devised on a very specialized way. When the stress over a limit of cold tolerance is applied, diseases or death will take place. After all, the living in the cold such as antarctic area is also recently becoming possible by physiological and artificial adaptation.

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