An one-year ethological observation was conducted at a day nursery in a suburb of Tokyo in order to reveal the repertoire and frequency of social behavior patterns which the child and the mother showed in the situations of separation and greeting at each age group from zero to five years. Main findings were that there were developmental changes in some behavior patterns of both mother and child, that the mother hugged the female child much more than the male child during the child's age of one to three years at greeting and that insight into one aspect of the relationship between mother and child could be gained using the physical contact data. A schematic model of the relationship between mother and child is proposed as a measurement for comparative studies.

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Unusual bone proliferations within both maxillary sinuses of two skulls (No.2-child and No. 6-adult) belonging to the Late Jomon period excavated from the shell-mound of the Mitsuya cave site in southern Hokkaido were described and discussed from the palaeopathological point of view.
Smooth surfaced bone proliferation in the maxillary sinus was characterized by a large and ellipsoid bone mass which had many bone-bridges or foot-like processes combining with the original sinus wall which seems to be within normal conditions. Gross observation of an enlarged slab X-ray of the proliferated area revealed the normal bone structure, i, e., a fine mesh-work of spongy bone enclosed by the dense compact bone of the outer layer.
Palaeopathological diagnosis of these conditions seems to indicate this bone mass to be a so-called "Isolated Bone Fragment (IBF)" which is often encountered in the clinical field of otorhinolaryngology. On the differential diagnosis of "IBF ", the following diseases, which may often produce similar changes in the gross or X-ray examination of the maxillary sinus, were discussed;
1. Periostitis caused by chronic sinuitis (sinuitis chr. ossificans).
2. Benign osteoma or ossifying fibroma in the paranasal cavity.
3. Malignant bone proliferation in the sinus.
4. Antrolith or calcareous body in the sinus.
5. Abnormal growth of the tooth into the maxillary sinus.
There still remain some important problems to be solved with regards to the " IBF ", e, g., the etiology, including essential differences between " IBF " and osteoma, frequency, and genetic background. In particular, the genetic factor or familial occurrence of " IBF ", which seems to have been suggested in the present investigation, is one of the most interresting problems.

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Flattening of limb bones is not infrequent in prehistoric population as well as in modern hunter-gatherers. Platycnemia is well-documented in materials from Japanese prehistoric 'Jomon' period. Interpretation for the reason of this bony feature, however, is still controversial with respect to the mechanical stress due to a hard physical exercise or nutritional elements. This study aims at identifying the factors mainly responsible for the flattening by using experimental animals.
Effects of exercise and diet programs on the cross-sectional properties of the femur were studied in 40 male rats of Sprague-Dawley strain. They were divided into 6 experimental groups, (I) Ordinary Feeding & Non-Exercise Group, (II) Ordinary Feeding & Exercise Group, (III) Restricted Feeding & Non-Exercise Group, (IV) Restricted Feeding & Exercise Group, (V) Free Feeding & Non-Exercise Group, (VI) Ordinary Feeding & Hard Exercise Group (8 rats for groups I-IV and 4 rats for groups V and VI). Each group was raised from 21 days through 110 days age. Restricted feeding groups (III and IV) were fed 60% weight of diet which was ate by ordinary feeding groups (I or II) on the previous day. Free feeding group was fed freely all day long. From 30 days age, the exercise groups were trained to run 20 minutes in a day at a maximum speed of about 40m/min on a newly devised treadmill ('Labotrainer', Clea Japan Inc.) which seemed to elicit least exercise stress in animals. Hard exercise group was trained twice in a day according to the same program. Feeding, running, and light and darkness cycle schedule was arranged so as to minimize the individual difference in food intake and spontaneous activities. It has been reported elsewhere (MATSUMURA, 1982) that the body dimensional development in general suggested an undisturbed physical growth in the present animals. After the training period, the right femur was removed and femoral cross sectional properties as taken at the middle of the femur shaft were examined. While forced running exercise had no significant effect upon the magnitude of the cross sectional area of the femur, it had an unequivocal effect upon the other cross sectional properties; the femur of exercise groups had a smaller cross sectional index, or was significantly flattened, with its major principal axis oriented more antero-posteriorly. This trend was less pronounced in limited-diet groups. Restriction of food intake scarcely had effects upon cross sectional index nor upon major principal axis of the femur, although it exerted a marked negative influence on the cross sectional area.

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Abstract I was engaged in the sociological and ecological study of wild chimpanzees in the Mahale Mountains in Western Tanzania for about two years from September, 1975 through October, 1977. It was made clear by the data I obtained concerning carnivorous behavior among wild chimpanzees that their predation happens intensively during only one or two months. It can be presumed that this intensity is distinct from seasonal periods of predation. Also coincidence of time of intensive predation was observed among neighboring group of wild chimpanzees.

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One of the skeletons of the human skeletal collection of the late Prof. H. MATSUMOTO of Tohoku Imperial University has not been considered to be a skeleton of Jomon origin from the morphological point of view. This skeletal remain consists of only a skull and left femur, on both of which are written in red paint the labels "Urato Sabusawajima Shikanohama ". Although no one knows the archaeological background of this skeleton, the site yielding the material was ascertained to be situated at the southernmost part of Sabusawa Island as the result of information provided by Mr. T. OBA of the Urato post office, Shiogama and Mr. S. SASAKI of the Miyagi Board of Education, Sendai (Fig. 1),
The Shikanohama skeleton is in a fine condition of preservation and was identified as that of a mature male (Fig.2). The measurements and incidence pattern of non-metric minor variants of this skull are shown in Table 1 and Table 2, respectively. Judging from theextreme flatness of the nasal bones alone, this skull can hardly be regarded as that of a Jomon man (Table 3). The mode of occlusion transitional from edge-to-edge bite to over bite also seems to support this view. PENROSE'S shape distances based on skull measurements indicate that the Shikanohama skull may have come from the aeneolithic Yayoi or protohistoric Kofun periods rather than from the neolithic Jomon, historic or modern ages (Table 4). In order to ascertain the accuracy of this conjecture, reexamination of the Shikanohama site will be necessary.

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The exciting discovery of a fossilized human male innominate bone (NAORA, N. (1936) Minerva 1, 147-156) of Ni pponanthropus akashiensis (hereafter called " Akashi specimen") in a clod from the Nishiyagi Pleistocene deposit in Akashi has stimulated much research on human evolution in Japan. Unfortunately, the Akashi specimen was lost during World War II before details of its morphological and archaic nature were published. However, a cast and photographs taken immediately after collection have been available for detailed investigations. It should be mentioned here that obvious fossilization of the specimen was repeatedly confirmed by several anthropologists and paleobiologists who had actually scrutinised the specimen before it was lost.
Recently, the morphology of the Akashi specimen cast has been investigated by ENDO and BABA and statistically compared with modern Japanese specimens (ENDO, B, and BABA, H. (1982) J. Anthrop. Soc. Nippon 90, Suppl.27-54). Their conclusion was that the innominate bone discovered in Akashi is not archaic and is that of a modern Japanese. However, this conclusion was reached solely from their statistical comparison, without any consideration of other related discoveries and further, I believe that their conclusion was an improper interpretation of the statistical data.
Their statistical data have clearly shown that the individual innominate bones of modern Japanese exhibit a wide variation in characteristics. It is highly likely, therefore, that although only one Akashi specimens is available for investigation at present, the morphological variation of the innominate bones of N, akashiensis population was as wide as that of the modern Japanese population. ENDO and BABA have also demonstrated that the Akashi specimen does not show any morphological properties "representative" of the innominate bone of modern Japanese in any particular aspect. Interestingly enough, the above observations are open to other interpretations which are much more likely than their mere suggestion.
There must be at least three allowable interpretations of the morphological data from the Akashi specimen; l) The Akashi specimen belongs to modern Japanese, but its morphology is not highly representative of the modern Japanese population. 2) The Akashi specimen is archaic and shows the characteristics representative of the innominate bone of the N, akashiensis population. Due to a wide variation in morphology of individual innominate bone within the populations of both modern Japanese and N, akashiensis, we expect a significant overlap in these variations. 3) As in 2), the Akashi specimen is indeed the innominate bone of an N, akashiensis which as a whole, are clearly distinct from that of modern Japanese. However, some particular features observed in the Akashi specimen are not representative of those of N, akashiensis and coincidentally resemble an atypical morphology of modern Japanese. ENDO and BABA have simply suggested the first possibility without exclusion, even any consideration, of the alternative possibilities. In their studies, no conclusive evidence has been presented supporting the first possibility. Considering various circumstancial facts, e. g, evident fossilization of the specimen, discoveries of archaic types of stone tools and animal fossils from the same deposit, together with characteristics observed in the Akashi specimen, it may be concluded that the first possibility is unlikely and the second, third or intermediate possibilities are the more probable interpretations. In addition, doubts about the details of their analyses are also noted.

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In 1948 HASEBE reported that the Akashi coxal bone belonged to Homo erectus. Recently, the present authors (YOSHIOKA 1978, YOSHIOKA & MUTO 1979) described that this bone belong probably either to neanderthalensis or to sapiens fossilis. However, ENDO & BABA (1982) have mentioned from morphological considerations: "He (Akashi man) is probably a Japanese of historic age and could possibly be a modern Japanese ".
The present author has some doubts on the restoration of the Akashi bone by ENDO & BABA. In comparison with several fossil coxal bones and recent Japanese ones, the anterior margin of the ilium of the Akashi bone was very pecuilar in form. From this finding and moire contourogram(ENDO & BABA'S Plate 6), it was thought that flatness of its iliac margin was probably based on a lack of part of the anterior iliac spines. Also, it is difficult to completely restore a lack of the posterior margin of its iliac wing based on the marked individual variation. Thus, the value of measurement depend on the way of restoration. Next, although they did not describe a comparison between the moire contourograms in their paper, its pattern of the Akashi bone seems to be much similar to that of Arago. Furthermore, their Fig. 9 shows that Akashi would not fall completely outside the range of the neanderthalensis and the sapiens fossilis, because the results of the recent Japanese distributed to such a large extent as some of them were closed to Minatogawa I and Di sseldorf.
Several investigators, a few paleontologists and some other investigators recognized that the Akashi bone had been sufficiently fossilized, although this bone was burned to ashes in consequence of the bombardment in the 2nd World War.

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