Simple and multiple regression equations are presented for estimating stature from one or more dried long bones based on sample of 472 recent male Chinese from nine provinces in the People's Republic of China. These new equations provide a much more reliable method for estimating stature of Chinese skeletal remains than has been available hitherto. In all studies of bone length -stature relationship, the lower limb bones have been shown to have lengths which are correlated more highly with stature thanhave the upper limb bones. Therefore, it can be stated as a general rule that in no case should lengths of upper limb bones be used in the estimation of stature unless no lower limb bone is available.
The regression equations for Chinese males between 21 and 30 years of age were compared with TROTTER'S regression equations for American Whites and Negroes. The American White male tends to be taller for a given length of long limb bone than does any of the other series.

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Dental characteristics of Aeta, one of the Negrito tribes in westcentral Luzon, the Philippines, were compared with those of Japanese, Ainu, PimaIndians, Australian Aborigines, Filipinos, American Caucasoids and American Blacks. The overall tooth size of Negritos is smallest among the populations compared and closest to Ainu. As regards the shape factor of the dental measurements, they are closely related to Mongoloid populations as revealed by Q-mode correlation coefficients. These findings are almost parallel to the results obtained by principal component analysis. On the other hand, Bsquare distances based on seven non-metric crown characters show close affinity between Negritos and Ainu. The frequency distribution of the crown characters in both populations well corresponds to the "Sundadont" pattern defined by TURNER (1987).
The results obtained from the present study, together with TURNER'S (1978, 1979, 1987, 1989) dental anthropological model of the late Pleistocene population history in southeast Asia, support the hypothesis proposed by OMOTO (1984, 1986) who suggested that Negritos might have shared an ancestral stock with Semang of Malaysia and evolved in the upper Pleistocene times under the environment of tropical rain-forest in Sundaland.

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Effects of forced running exercise and dietary programs on bending strength and ash content of the femur were studied in forty growing male rats. They were divided into six experimental groups with three levels of feeding and three levels of daily exercise. The forced exercise groups were trained to run on a treadmill at a maximum speed of about 40m/min. Biomechanical data were collected by a three points bending test on intact femora. The food intake restriction caused a marked negative effect on the ultimate bending moment without any influence on the ultimate bending stress. An opposite effect in the bending stress and ash content was observed for two different exercise amount. The moderate exercise amount tended to increase the bending stress and the ash content irrespective of the nutritive condition while the hard exercise amount had a marked negative effect on these variables.

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A human skull without the mandible, which was covered partially with lime stone, and costal fragments were discovered at Tomari cave in Himi city, Toyama prefecture, Japan, in 1967 and 1972, respectively. Relative dating using the fluorine method has provisionally attributed the human bones to the earlier Holocene or to the later Late Pleistocene (MATSU'URA 1985). In the present paper, we describe and discuss the physical characteristics of the skull from the Tomari cave in comparisons with those of several populations from the Late Pleistocene to the present day. The skull is in a relatively good state of preservation, although both cranial base and right face are mostly lost. The skull can be regarded as that of male aged about twenty years old.
The skull vault is thick, and its measurements are very close to those of Mikkabi and Hamakita men of the Late Pleistocene from the mainland of Japan. The neurocranium is small. The length-breadth index of the vault is 81.1 (brachycranial), the length-auriculo-bregmatic-height index 68.0 (hypsicranial) and the breadth-auriculo-breg-matic-height index is 83.8 (metriocranial). The frontal region is relatively wide. The masticatory muscle attachment areas are well developed, whereas the nuchal plane is smooth. The upper face as a whole is considerably low according to the upper facial indices of KOLLMANN and VIRCHOW, which are estimated to be 45.0 (euryene) and 60.6 (hyperchamaeprosopic), respectively. The left orbital index is of chamaeconch type (76.7) and the nasal index is of hyperchamaerrhine type (58.7). The maxillo-alveolar and palatal indices are 129.4 (brachyuranic) and 100.0 (brachystaphiline). The nasal root is wide, and projects forward. The remaining teeth are 7644567, which are relatively small in size. All of them exhibit enamel hypoplasia, indicating a serious nutritional deficiency.
The measurements obtained and MORRISON'S deviation graphs for comparison indicate that the Tomari cave skull in general resembles the initial to early Jomon skull more closely than the middle to final Jomon skull. It is noteworthy that the Tomari cave skull is also similar to the late Pleistocene skull in the morphology of the upper facial and nasal regions. Judging from the PENROSE'S shape distance on 10 items concerning the facial region, the Tomari cave skull is the nearest to the initial to early Jomon skull and very distant from both Edo era and modern Japanese skulls. The comparative morphological position based on the principal co-ordinate analysis of PENROSE'S shape distances shows that the Tomari cave skull belongs to a cluster of the Jomon groups. This seems to suggest that it is morphologically heterogeneous to the Minatogawa Late Pleistocene skull discovered in Okinawa.

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Variations in the Japanese foot shapes were investigated using principal component analysis based on 21 somatometric measurement items on right foot from 152 male and 152 female subjects. Four shape factors were extracted which were common to both sexes: 1) position of foot axis, 2) ball flex angle, 3) breadth of ball, and 4) dorsal arch height. Four different indices which represent each shape factor were devised for cluster analysis in order to categorize the foot shapes. The results revealed, for both males and females, seven clusters which comprised of more than three subjects. The "standard group" which was the biggest cluster contained 42% male and 35% female subjects. Thirty one percent of male subjects had wide foot, and 37% of female subjects had high dorsal arch. Female feet had greater variations than male feet. Because the foot shapes of modern Japanese are deformed by footwear, a research on a population which does not have a custom of shoe-wearing is needed to investigate what kind of variations in foot shape naturally occur.

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Dental anomalies in the deciduous teeth were examined in 48 immature skeletons from the Hitotsubashi Metropolitan High School Site (17th century). Two cases of supernumerary teeth in the maxillae, and two apparent cases and two probable cases of fused teeth in the mandibles were detected. Congenital absence of teeth was not found.

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In craniometry skulls have been digitized by measuring with traditional instruments. These measuring instruments require too much time and labor, when measuring a large number of skulls. We have been studying secular changes in Japanese skulls with the technique of Fourier analysis. For this study, we must digitize the contours of many skulls in Norma frontalis, Norma occipitalis, Norma lateralis, Norma verticalis and Norma basilaris. The rotatable skull holder "Rotacraniophor I" which we developed here makes it possible to fix the skulls at the standardized directions mentioned above much more quickly and easily owing to its rotatable function when photographing. This holder is constructed with a turntable, two standing poles which hold a skull at both auditory pores and two units which indicate the Orbitale. These poles and units can be precisely slided on the rails and fixed at any position. In order to examine the precision of fixation of a skull in the partial different conditions of this apparatus we measured some landmarks on five different skulls. The standard error of their three-dimensional coordinates was in total within ±0.74mm in the x, y, z directions.

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The excavations by DUBOIS (1891-1900) and SELENKA (1906-1908) are reconsidered and compared. Recent information of the geological survey of the Indonesian-Japanese team (1976-1977) at Trinil is added.

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