The 40 pure Ainu (degree of admixture with the Japanese was less than 1/4), 68 mixed Ainu specimens (degree of admixture was 1/2 or more) and, as controls, 355 Japanese specimens obtained in Niikappu, Hokkaido, were studied for eight blood groups-ABO, MNSs, Rh, Q, Lewis(Le^a), Kell, Duffy (Fy^a)and Kidd(JK^a)blood groups.The gene or chromosome frequencies of thesL red cell antigens were estimated and were compared with those of other populations.The values obtained were seemed to have the following characteristics-high frequency of Fy^a gene, low frequency of Q gene and Rh negative type and lack of K gene.These results suggested that the Ainu had blood group characteristics more similar to those of Mongolians than of Caucasians, even if the relationship to the Caucasians could not be disproved.It would be of interest that the Ainu have different characteristics from the Japanese in consideration of the MN, Rh, Q, Lewis, Kidd blood groups.The significance of the high r" chromosome frequency or low m gene frequency has not been asserted.

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The present study aimed at confirming the observations that the proportion of aneuploid cells in blood culture increased with age due probably to the appearance of cells with an XO sex chromosome constitution. A total of 1, 700 cells from 17 females (8 aged and 9 young) were examined, and the difference in frequency of aneuploid cells between the aged and the young group was found to be statistically significant. Some consideration regarding the production of cells with 45 chromosomes are given.

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Abstract A new technique which measures the relative size of the hypocone in the two-dimensional space was proposed. This measurement shows quite parallel trends to those obtained by the other methods so far employed, and allows reasonably detailed comparisons either between the molar teeth or between the racial populations. It was also emphasized, through the twin studies, that the measurements are largely controlled by genes. In addition, modern man and some fossil forms were compared by this method and the differences in reduction of the hypocone were discussed.

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Abstract On the basis of information on the use of tools and methods for foodprocessing among northern hunter-gatherers, and the conditions of macroscopic damages of the working edges of the stone axes of Jomon types, a possibility is suggested that those axes may have been kitchen tools.

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This paper deals with five morphological characteristics of Japanese lower limb bones, which were considered to be influenced by squatting and other sitting postures. Material used are following Japanese populations from different periods; Jomon (stone age) Edo (17c-19c) and recent.
Cervical fossa of ALLEN may be the complex characteristics due to various motion and posture which make antero-posterior surface of femoral neck press upon posterior margin of acetabulum. Frequencies of occurrence of this character are about 85% in the populations of Jomon and recent periods, nearly the same as in European white, and 100% in that of the Edo period (Table 1). Squatting posture may not be a main cause of this character.
Squatting number indicates to some extent the degree of habitual postures such as squatting and other sitting postures which are characterized by strong flexion of knee joint. The mean values of the squatting number in the Jomon, Edo and recent periods are 3. 10, 3.05 and 3. 05, respectively. All these three numbers are smaller than the range 3.30 proposed by SIDDIQI (1934) and show the presence of habitual squatting and such other sitting postures in Japanese (Tables 2 and 3). In the Edo and recent periods the factor of the upright sitting may also be significant.
CHARLES' facet is the antero-superior extension of posterior margin of medial articular surface of femur due to the compression against the semilunar cartilage in knee flexion. The size of CHARLES' facet in the Jomon period is larger than that in the Edo and recent periods (Table 4). This characteristics may be considered to show the influence of squatting posture and upright sitting.
Squatting facet of talus should be considered to be a whole complex of foward extention of trochlea surface which may consist malleolar extention, medial extention, lateral extension lateral facet, abnormal surface of groove of neck and other facets. In Jomon period, all types of squatting facet are observed and are well developed as compared with those of recent period (Table 5). It seems that the habitual squatting is very common in Jomon period.
Inferior facet of tibia corresponds to the squatting facet of talus. The frequency of occurrence of lateral inferior facet in Jomon period is higher than that in the Edo and recent periods (Table 7). The inferior fossa is formed by compression of talus neck when ankle joint is strongly flexed dorsally in squatting posture. The ratio of sagittal length of inferior fossa to sagittal length of inferior articular surface in Jomon period is larger by 2σ than those in the Edo and recent period (Table 6).
The cause of these characteristics is so complicated that the interrelation among these characteristics are not clear except for the correlation between Squatting facet of talus and Inferior fossa of tibia, both of which are caused by habitual dorsiflexion of ankle joint. (Fig. 3-28). The interpopulation difference of these characteristics probably indicate the difference of environment such as mode of life rather than the genetical difference.
Judging from the findings mentioned above, habitual squatting in Jomon period may be so common as in Punjabis (CHARLES, 1894), Australian aborigines (WOOD, 1920) and Indians (SINGH, 1959). It is suggested that in Edo period especially in urban district the proportion of habitual squatting was decreased and that of upright sitting was increased, being accompanied with the deffusion of mat-using. As for crosslegged sitting there is no available characteritics. The degree of sexual differences of these characteristics are generally in order of the Edo, recent and the Jomon period. The largest sexual difference in the Edo period possibly be due to the difference of mode of life under the feudal society. There can not be seen any difference between right and left sides in every characteristics.

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The human skeletal remains excavated at Rock Shelter of Kamikuroiwa, Ehime Prefecture, Japan, in August 1969 dated back to the middle of the Earliest stage of the Jomon period. The number of individuals estimated was seven. Three of them, two adult males and a child, were found buried secondarily in a small circular pit dug at the innermost recess of the rock shelter. The following was the form of the secondary burial observed: firstly, their skulls were placed on the bottom of the pit; secondly, the small bones were put among the skulls; thirdly, thé adult flat bones were laid upon the small bones; fourthly, the adult long bones were arranged parallel to each other on the flat bones; and finally, the human remains were covered by pottery fragments and flat stones.
One of the adult males secondarily buried was found with a bone spear tip lodged in the right wing of the ilium of the hip bone. The wing of the ilium was so wounded posteriorly from the right side that the spear tip penetrated the gluteus and iliacus muscles, which sandwiched the wing of the ilium, to project approximately three centimeters into the abdominal cavity. The absence of any bony reaction around the wound showed that death followed rapidly, presumably from perforation of the intestines.
No evidence of the first temporary burial of these adult male and child skeletons during which the fleshy parts had decomposed was observed.
There was found another adult female skeleton previously buried flexed at the same site where the pit for the secondary burial was dug. Of her skeleton, only the skull was removed to, and reinterred in, the neibourhood of the pelvis, though the parts of the lower limb bones forming the knee joints were carelessly broken off and put collectively in the secondary pit.
Anthropological and archaeological evaluation of both the secondary burial at the rock shelter and the bone spear tip wound in the male pelvis found in the Earliest stage of the Jomon period was discussed.

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