The tuberculum accessorium mediale internum (termed by SLENKA in 1898) is situated between the metaconid and entoconid in lower permanent molars and has the appearance of an isolated wrinkle. It is sunk between the two cusps, from each of which it is separated by a deep and narrow furrow which extends over the superior half of the lingual surface.
The authors investigated the frequency of appearance of the tuberculum accessorium medicale internum by the method of making a plaster cast from the crown of the first and second lower permanent molars in 440 Japanese (213 males and 227 females).
The frequencies of appearance of the tuberculum accessorium mediale internum are shown in the table.
Of the 440 individuals, 25 (5.68 per cent) have the tuberculum accessorium mediale internum on the lower permanent first molars. And in 14 (56.0 per cent) individuals from among the 25, an accessory intermediary tubercle was found to be separated from the distal part of the metaconid.

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The eyelids of about two hundred children and adults were examined including both soxes, living in a rural suburb of Tokyo.
The following three lid-fold regions were used as criteria for the crassification of eyelid types: the Ranafalte, which is often termed the mongolian fold or epicanthus; the Deckfalte, or median fold which either runs above and somewhat parallel to the free edge of the upper eyelid, so-called doubl fold, or covers it entirely, so-called single fold ; and the Lateralfalte, or external fold of the upper eyelid of senile individuals.
Type A-B is a single fold with a marked Ranafalte, although type B appears double in a downward glancing position, type C-D is double, and type E-F is single or double and characterized by a slight Randfalte and a somewhat well-developed Lateralfalte, which may be identified as type F (Fig. 1).
At the sub-adult period, type A-B is dominant, while type C-D has its highest frequencies at the age thirty period; and older persons gradually develope to type E-F (Table 1, 2; Fig. 2). It may be said then that there are striking age changes in the eyelid, and related to this is the fact that the recurrence of the same types as between parent and child is only infrequently observed (Table. 3).
Moreover, the fact that the interocular-nose breadth index decreases throughtout life, recalls the age decline sequences of the Ranalfalte, (Table 5;
Fig. 3). This report is merely preliminary and will be followed by further studies which will be completed in due course.

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Es ist allgemein zugestimmt, daβ die Korperhaltung des Menschen im innigen Zusammenhang zur Wirbelsaulenkrummung steht. Schon habe ich fiber die Wirbelsaulenkrummung der Ainos und Japaner in Hokkaido untersucht. Das kurze Ergebnis ist wie folgt, daβ die Wirbelsaulenkrummung der Ainos hochgradiger bei Mannern als bei Frauen besonders im hohen Alter ist, doch findet sich bei Japanern emn umgekehrtes Resultat.
Wieder habe ich die Dornspitzenkurven bei Osumi Personen (Kyushu) angenommen, um den Rassenunterschied zwischen Japanern und Ainos zu untersuchen. Die Untersuchungszahl bei Osurni Personen betragt 474 (246 Manner and 228 Frauen). Seitenschβelzinn und Wirbelsaulenkrummungsmeter (OGATA und MURAI) werden zur Abbildung der Wirbelsaulenkrummung verwendet. Es ist emn Hauptzweck dieser Abbildung, daβ ich die Neigung einer Wirbelsaulenkrummung zu Horizontallinie verstehe, weil ich mit der vorliegenden Methode die Neigung zu Horizontallinie nicht erkennen kann. Ich prufte den sexuellen Unterschied sowie die Ungleichheit der Wirbelsaulenkrummung mit Stochastik (α=0.01).
1. Der Krummungswinkel (OGATA and MURAI) vermindet sich allmahlich mit Vermehrung der Lebensjahren wahrend der Jugendzeit, dann vermehrt er sich wieder auf der Altersstufe von 41-50 Jahren, und schlie β lich zeigt er den hochsten Wert im hohen Alter. Ich konnte aber einen deutlichen Unterschied zwischen Mannern und Frauen erkennen.
2. Der Geschlechtsunterschied der Wirbelsaulenkrummung wird im Alter von 7 zu 12 Jahren nicht gefunden. Im Alter von 11-12 Jahren kommen starke Vermindung der Krummung sowie hochgradige Lendenlordose vor, dann konnte ich einen hohen Scheitelpunkt auf der Altersstufe von 12 Jahren bei Frauen sowie von 13 Jahren bei Mannern erkennen. Nach diesen Jahren bis zum hohen Alter wird der starke Geschlechtsunterschied gefunden. Bei Frauen vermehrt sich nicht nur die Werbelsaulenkrummung sondern auch die vordere Neigung der Wirbelsaulen starker als bei Mannern, demnach entsteht der hochgradige Geschlechtsunterschied im hohen Alter.
Bei mannlichen Ainos ist die Wirbelsaulenkrummung starker als bei weiblichen im hohen Alter, dessenungeachtet ist die bei weiblichen Japanern starker als bei mannlichen. Der Hauptgrund liegt meines Erachtens darin, daβ die Lebensweise und Beschaftigung beider Rassenangehorigen nicht hochgradig verschieden sind.

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To date, the author has discussed the physical ability of children and youths in a series of studies under separate titles. The author has had the opportunity to continue his research on twins in the Osaka municipal primary and junior high schools in 1954 and on children in a fishing village on the Island of Oki and in a rural village in Kagawa Prefecture in 1955. The investigated physical traits were stature, the height of the ventral iliac spine, girth of the upper thigh, back muscle strength, sergent jump, tapping (manual repetition of motor speed), the match board test (manual dexterity) and picking up balls (finger dexterity).
An analysis of the resulting data may be briefly summarized as follows:
1. No differences in physical ability are found between the two groups of monozygotic and dizygotic twins.
2. The twin groups are never inferior in stature to ordinary urben children living under the same urban circumstances.
3. Comparing children dwelling urban districts with those in rural and fishing villages, some differences are found in physical ability and even in the types and phases of their growth and development, and it appears that these differences have some relation to the conditions under which they are living.
4. The eight investigated physical traits are classified into five groups according to types of growth and development.
5. Some differences are found in growth and development patterns and it appears that physical ability requires greater muscle power which developes earlier than ability which requires less muscle power.

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The problem of physical ability, through the unfortunate situation during and after the war, can now be considered from a new and more progressive point of view. This concerns the dynamic relation of physical abilityphysical structure, physical power and motor performance, which interrelatedly effect each other and must be studied through a consideration of man in relation to culture. Such a point of view means that this study is conncted with a wide range of problems having to do with birth, growth, heredity and environment, education, society, phenomena of senility, death, etc. Using children and youths of primary and junior high schools as materials, the author, to date, has already investigated and discussed problems of growth and development of physical ability and of the relationship of physical ability to education and social environment in a series of the reports under the individual titles in this Journal.

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I tried to classify the ancient horses of Japan by comparing the limb bones of the ancient horses with those of the existing native horses such as the Kiso horse, the Misaki horse, the Hokkaido horse, the Tokara pony, the Korean pony, the Mongolian horse, etc.
1. The ancient horses of Japan can be classed according to their size, as Small and Medium sized. The horses of Izumi (Jomon Period, Kagoshima Prefecture), Tayui (First phalanx, Yayoi Period, Nagasaki Pref.), Urigo (Yayoi Period, Alchl Pref.), Hirade (Haji Period, Nagano Pref.), Yoyatna (Jomon Period, China Pref.) and Nogami (Jomon Period, Tochigi Pref.) belong to the Small category, and those of Atsuta (Yayoi Period, Aichi Pref.), Hirai (Jomon Period, Aichi Pref.), Kamoi (Yayoi Period, Kanagawa Pref.) and Tabata (Yayoi Period, Tokyo Metropolis) to the Medium sized category. The horses of Karakami and Haranotsuji (Yayoi Period, Iki Island in the Tsu Strait between Japan and Korea, Nagasaki Pref .) are intermediate between the Small and the Medium sized categolies. The horses of Mirinri (Korean stone age) are similarly Medium sized.
2. The native horses of Japan can be classed according to their size as belonging to the Island type (Tokara pony) or the Inland type (Kiso, Misaki and Hokkaido horses). The height at withers of the former is about 114.5cm and that of the latter is 132cm or thereabouts. The ancient horses of Japan that belong to the Small sized category are nearly all of the same size as the Tokara pony which is of the Island type, and their size is nearly the same as that of the Korean pony and the horses of the southeastern region of Asia (Miyako pony, Hainan Island pony and Szechwan pony). Those that are of Medium size are nearly all the same in size with the native horses of Inland type and Mongloian horse in a narrow sense.
3. The Small sized horses such as the Tokara pony, which were called " three feets horses " or " Kakaba " (so small as able to ride under the " flowering trees "), were kept in Korea and in south-west China on the Continent (Yunnan, Kwangsi and Hainan) from the 2nd century B. C. to the 10th century A. D. But, in the southern part of Indo-China and Indonesia, there is no reference concerning the existence of horses in ancient Chinese literature.
4. In the stone age of Japan, the remains of horses are very rare in comparison with those of the wild boar or deer. There is no evidence that the bones were broken or crushed for food, and judging from the condition of the teeth, they seem to have reached a very old age. I believe therefore, that the horses represented by these remains which were found in the shellmounds were well cared for by the people of the stone age.

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