The thickness of hair being with a certain characteristic in each individual, an attempt was made to represent such characteristic by numerical value. No significant differences were found of the maximum diameter of hair in cross section among the frontal, parietal and occipital regions.
The maximum diameter of parietal hair at its base showed no significant difference from that at the ending, but the minimum diameter of the former proved larger than the latter. It was disclosed that the base of parietal hair was more round than the ending of it.
Stress was given that the extent and variation of sampling error be carefully considered in representing the maximum diameter of hair of individuals in cross section by arithmetic mean.
It was concluded that an adequate numerical value which represents the thickness of hair in individuals should be obtained by an arithmetic mean of muximum diameter on cross secion of parietal hair growing about 1-2cm from the hair border on the basis of 20-40 hair samples.

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Special importance was attributed to the concept of character complex in the dentition to analyse the human population histories.
Based upon the comparative studies of several races, the term 'Mongoloid dental complex' was proposed for combination of the crown characters which commonly show relatively high frequencies in the deciduous dentition of the Mongoloid populations but not so in the other. The complex is, at present, confirmed to include the following five crown characters : shovel-shaping in the deciduous upper incisors, protostylid, deflecting wrinkle, 6th cusp and 7th cusp in the deciduous lower second molars. Some other characters will probably be added to this complex in the future.
It was also suggested that the higher frequencies of the CARABELLI's cusp and the greater values of the canine breadth index common to the White populations were very likely capable of being component characters which form the 'Caucasoid dental complex'.
In addition, the remaining problems that should be investigated to strengthen the basis of this concept were suggested.

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The so-called 'pit-dwellings' of the Jömon people, prehistoric food gatherers in Japan, have been actively studied from the typological-chronological point of view but the function of the dwellings as means to social life still remains largely unknown. Any group of the pit-dwellings of the same age or period found existing side by side in a locality is called a 'settlement'. However, no attention has been drawn to the stability of habitation and, accordingly, there has been no systematic pursuit of the subject.
In traditional archaeological approaches tools, structures, and other features are classified into various categories each being described separately and compared independently with the comparable categories of other sites. But the study of such a subject as the stability of habitation need a functional-conjunctive approach based on various kinds of data which usually have been handled separately. A comparative study of northern peoples proves that the stability of habitation is functionally and ecologically related with the following features: manufacture and use of potteries; weight of stone implements and stone structures, and time required for the manufacture; presence of collective burials or graveyards; dimension (diameter and depth below the floor) of the posts or postholes of shelters; evidence of rebuilding or reforming of shelters. The analysis of the Jomon pit-dwellings from the above point of view resulted in a conclusion that the dwellings were permanent ones in the sense that those were occupied recurrently or continuously year after year. Those may have been seasonal (possibly winter) dwellings but we still do not have definite evidence to prove it.
The stability of habitation raises some important problems on population history and ethnohistory. Fixed or permanent habitation implies more stabilized social relations than in unsettled nomadic gatherers and cultural elaboration adjusted to the settled mode of life. From this point of view it may be assumed that the Jomon people's society was provided with the receptivity to farming cultures or culture-complexes. What were the effects of the receptivity in the process of change from the gathering-oriented culture of the Jomon stage to the rice-farming culture of the Yayoi stage? The nature of the Yayoi culture and the formation of the Yayoi people should be studied and re-examined from the view point of the Jomon people's receptivity to agriculture. Another effect of the stability of habitation has biological implications. Social life with permanent habitation may have changed selective pressure. The possibilities for the aged and the sick or weak to live longer or survive may have been greater in these settled gatherers than in unsettled nomadic gatherers. WASHBURN & DEVORE'S concept of 'home base' may be extended even to the study of the history of primitive or prehistoric local populations and their demography. It is hoped that students of population history and palaeodemography will positively take into consideration the stability of habitation as a possible factor.

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1) Situated at 255-9, Of uji 12-ku, Iwata-shi, Shizuoka Prefecture, this site lies on the west side of the higher part of Iwata-bara Upland rising on the east side of the Tenryu River. (Fig. 1, Mark×)
2) Excavation was carried out for a week from August 21st to 26th, 1960, under auspicious of the Board of Education for Iwata City.
3) The excavation began from Trench A measuring 20 meters by 2 meters, followed by the work on Trenches B and C lying on the north and south sides of the Trench A, respectively. Layers in the site are as follows. (Fig. 2)
I Humus (black soil).........20-30cm II Dark brown soil.........30-40cm III Brown soil.........10-40cm IV Light yellowish brown soil.........30-40cm V Yellow clay with gravel.........30-40cm VI Gravel.........?
The second dark brown soil is the only layer yielding artifacts, which were always found together with gravel. Judging from such a status, they had something associated with gravel. The association is common to all the trenches in this site. In addition, nothing but stone implements was excavated from the site.
4) The materials of the stone implements are sandstone, slate and shale, largesized ones being made of the first two materials, while small ones of the last, with a single exception made of chert. Accordingly, the industry carried in this site can be said to have developed according to the so-called Bladetechnique using the shale as its main material. (Figs. 3-6)
5) Artifacts from the site are as follows : Knife-blade.........39 Bifaced tool (or point?).........1 Spatulate scraper.........1 Gravers (burins).........5 Burin-spalls.........4 Scrapers......... Blade cores.........7 Blades.........48 Grooved hone.........1 Hones.........5 Hammer stone.........1 Polishing and rubbing stones........5 Milling stone.........1 Flakes and chips.........202 Total: 323
6) This site is characterized by the Stone-age Culture rich in variety of stone implements represented by the so-called knife-blade stone implements. In other words, it can be said to be of the Knife-blade industry which has a strong tendency to the microlithic. Among finds are included a milling stone, the kind of which has never been discovered before out of sites of the same age, polishing and rubbing stones, hones, etc. According to the fact, economical basis of the Japanese Pre-ceramic Culture Age, which has been thought vaguely to be on the life of food gathering mainly by hunting, now comes to the stage to he reconsidered with materials newly unearthed from this site.

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