In the former part of this paper are given the general remarks over the studies on the circadian rhythms in hormones.
Described in our papers were the circadian rhythms of oral temperature, the pituitary-adrenal cortical and the sympathetic-adrenal medullary systems, and their responses to the phase shift of waking and sleeping times. The papers included five subjects-patterns of excretion fornormal day work, patterns during and after experimental night shift, patterns during experimental irregular shift work, responses to different work loads in daytime and at night, andpatterns of three-shift workers.
Reported from Levi's laboratory in Sweden were the circadian properties of the sympatheticadrenal medullary system and its responses to changes of activity phase.
The paper is divided into four parts-patterns of excretion for normal day work, patternsduring continuous 24 hour activity, reactions in normal day workers suddenly exposed to a180° work phase shift, and finally patterns of experienced three-shift workers. The desynchronization of different variables were recognized with the synchronization among somevariables after the phase shift.
A complete re-entrainement of circadian rhythms were not obserbed during the night shift.After the change back to day work re-entrainement seems to have occurred relatively quickly.

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In an attempt to offer comparative materials for human locomotion, the author made measurement of oxygen uptake and heart rate during walking by means of wheelchair. Subjects were ten healthy male students. They used 24-inch wheelchair according to the Japan Industrial Standards and 20-inch wheelchair which will be more widely used by the handicapped in the near future. Results of wheelchair walking on the treadmill at speed of 10, 35, 60m/min showed that difference of oxygen uptake and heart rate was small for low speed levels but significant for the 60m/min walk. When compared with erect walking, wheelchair walking revealed more increase of heart rate for a given oxygen uptake level reflecting the characteristics of upper limb motions and the influence of the sitting posture. Thus physical work load was considerably high for fast wheelchair walking, showing that wheelchair is suitable for use in low speed moving. Becouse of the 20-inch wheelchair is less efficient in terms of metabolic cost than the 24-inch wheelchair, the former may be fit for indoor use only.

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The purpose of this study is to investigate the relibaility and validity of prediction of the oxygen intake during works on the basis of heart rate at work.During four kinds of standard treadmill walking of 3.6km/h with a slope varying from o to 15 degrees and four kinds of standard bicycle ergometer work of o to 900kgm/min, the oxygen intake and heart rate were measured on four young adult males(Table1).For the whole subjects and for each individual, different regression equations of oxygen intake on heart rate were calculated from results of both types of work or from those of each typeof work.In addition, a new equation for prediction of oxygen intake from heart rate was proposed as
_??_o₂=vo₂.(64.06HR-3086)/(0.6406hr-30.86)
where _??_o₂ is estimated value of oxygen intake during the work under investigation corresponding to _??_o₂(oxygen intake during a given submaximal test work), HR(heart rate during the work under investigation), and hr(heart rate during the submaximal work).This new equation was made to be used fo radult males, on the basis of indirect determination of maximal oxygen intake from oxygen intake and heart rate during a submaximal work and a linear regression of %_??_o₂max on heart rate.
Estimated values of oxygen intake during the treadmill walking and ergometer work were computed using the above different regression equations and the new prediction and these values were compared with the directly determined values of oxygen intake during the work(Table 2).Although the best prediction was obtained in the case where the individual regression equations were applied to the same kinds of work as that for which the regression equations had been calculated, considerably high reliability of the new prediction equation which was made from our previous results in our laboratory were supported in this study.

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The materials are the Jomon (Neolithic) Japanese skulls which were excavated by Dr. K. OGUSHI at the sites of Tsukumo (Okayama Prefecture) and Kou (Osaka Prefecture) and restored by him in 1917-18. The Tsukumo skulls consist of 25 males and 19 females, and the skulls from the Kou site of 3 males and 5 females. The Martin's methods for cranioscopy and craniometry were applied on the skulls and the data obtained were compared with those of the Jomon skulls from Tsukumo (KIYONO), Yoshiko, Inariyama, Kou (KIYONO and NAKAYAMA), Hosoura, and with those of the recent Kinai Japanese and Ainu.
From an archeological point of view, the Tsukumo skulls belong to the late Jomon period and the Kou skulls to the early Jomon period. The Kou skulls reported by KIY0N0 and NAKAYAMA were excavated from the different locality from that of the present materials. In the former materials some late Jomon skulls were (supposed to be) mixed together. Marked differences between the Tsukumo and the Kou skulls show that the characteristics of the Tsukumo skulls are similar to the Jomon skulls and different from those of the recent Kinai Japanese or Ainu, and the Kou skulls are not so different from the recent Kinai Japanese in morphology of the frontal, parietal and orbital regions. Insertion areas of muscles in the Kou skulls develope more roughly than those of the Tsukumo skulls. Artificial extraction of teeth are observed in 80.6% of the Tsukumo skulls and it was performed on the canines and adjacent teeth. No such an extraction was observed in the Kou skulls.
Metrical profiles of the Tsukumo and Kou skulls are summarized as follows: the male skulls from Tsukumo and Kou sites belong to mesocrany and the female skulls to brachycranic; the Tsukumo skulls and Kou female skulls are orthocranic and tapesiocranic; the male Kou skulls are hypsicranic and metriocranic; transverse f rontoparietal indices in the two groups show metriometopic type and the Virchow's upper facial index in the Tsukumo skulls belongs to hyperchamaeprosopic range; and the orbital and nasal indices represent mesoconchic and chamaerrhinic types, respectively.

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This study was made to investigate the factor of physical fitness test, which has been developed by the Ministry of Education and consists of seven different measurements such as side step, sargent jump, back strength, grips strength, trunk extension, trunk flexion and step test, and the validity of estimation for the total score of the tests from several physical characteristics. Physical fitness test, morphological and physiological characteristics were determined for 71 young adult females and males. Physical characteristics of three groups separated according to the fitness test were compared among groups and differences in the lean body mass and maximal oxygen uptake were found to be statistically significantt at 1% level between A and C group.
The simple correlation coefficients between total score of the tests and measurement value of each test were observed to be highly significant except the cases of the trunk extension and flexion test. Principal component analysis of the seven test items disclosed that the seven items could be grouped into two kinds of the component, that is, the muscular performance tests such as grips strength, sargent jump and so on, and the flexibility tests as trunk flexion and extension.
The lean body mass and maximal oxygen uptake highly correlated with the total score of the tests. Regression equations of the total score on the lean body mass or maximal oxygen uptake and on both of them weree calculated. We discussed the validity of the calculated total score as an index of physical fitness along the above regression equations from practical viewpoint.

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For the last 10 years J. GOODALL and her coworkers have gathered abundant data on tool use and incipient tool making by free ranging chimpanzees in East Africa. Students of hominid origins have used these findings in attempts at reconstructing the hominisation process. When doing so, however, it is important to remember that the function played by tool behavior in the chimpanzee subsistence pattern is still far from being well understood. Some 60 years ago, W. KOEHLER had already observed most or all of the behaviors later reported from East Africa. The comments he then made appear to be still valid today. Specifically, they recommend great prudence in interpreting the function of tool behavior in chimpanzees. The latter, he felt, may often be closer to play than to the performance of a task.
KOEHLER's remarks also suggest the kind of observations needed in order to clarify the meaning of the tool behaviors reported from Africa. Should these observations confirm that object manipulation in chimpanzees always contains an important element of play, one would have to consider the possibility that toys may have been as important as tools as an index of the emergence of the capabilities responsible for human behavior.

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