In our ecological field survey on the fishermen of Nasake Island, Seto Inland Sea in August, 1968, microclimatic conditions under which they were working or staying at sea were investigated. It has been clarified that they regulated their thermal conditions by pitching a tent on the boat. Temperatures under the tent on the boat did not reach 27°C; while, temperatures outside the tent and on the ground reached nearly 30°C and 31°C, respectively. Effective temperatures under the tent were also measured.

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Two kinds of the skeletal age of the children in Tokyo were assessed by two different methods of assessement respectively ; the standards of SUGIURA and NAKAZAWA's method (SUGIURA's method) was derived from the children in the central Japan (Shizuoka and Aichi Prefecture), and those of TANNER-WHITEHOUSE-HEALEY's method (TANNER'S method) was derived from the British children.
The skeletal ages of 284 healthy boys and 368 healthy girls, aged from 4 to 12 years, were assessed and observed (Table 1).
1. The skeletal age of the Tokyo boys assessed by both methods had a tendency to be under-estimated, and that of the Tokyo girls to be over-estimated.
2. For assessement of the skeletal age, SUGIURA's method was more applicable to the Tokyo boys aged from 4 to 8 years and to the Tokyo girls aged from 8 to 12 years than TANNER'S method. And at the other ages, TANNER'S method was more applicable to the Tokyo boys and girls.
3. The skeletal development of the Tokyo boys retarded remarkably than that of the boys in the central Japan from 9 years of age. At the age of 12 years, the Tokyo boys were about 15 "skeletal months" behind the boys in the central Japan in their skeletal maturity. On the contrary, the skeletal development of the Tokyo girls was superior to that of the girls in the central Japan after 9 years of age. At the age of 12 years, the Tokyo girls advanced about 5 "skeletal months"than the girls in the central Japan in their skeletal maturity (Table 2, Table 3 and Fig. 2).
4. The skeletal development of the Tokyo boys retarded than that of the British boys during the age period from 6 to 10 years, and at the age of 10 years, the gap was about 10 "skeletal months"in their skeletal maturity. But at the ages of 11 and 12 years, both skeletal maturity was equal. The skeletal development of the Tokyo girls were superior remarkably to that of the British girls after 8 years of age, and at the age of 9 years the skeletal maturity of the Tokyo girls advanced about 10 "skeletal months" than that of the British girls. In pre-puberty, the skeletal development of the Tokyo girls showed a tendency to close to that of the British girls, and at the age of 12 years the Tokyo girls advanced about only 3 "skeletal months" than the British girls in their skeletal maturity (Table 2, Table 3 and Fig. 2).
5. The skeletal development of the children in the central Japan retarded than that of the British children in the Pre-school period. At the age of 7 years, the boys in the central Japan were lagging behind the British children about 5 "skeletal months", and at the age of 5 years the girls in the central Japan were about 7 "skeletal months" behind in their skeletal maturity. But in the early school period, the skeletal development of the children in the central Japan advanced than that of the British children. At the age of 9 years, the maturity of the boys in central Japan advanced about 3 "skeletal months" than that of the British boys, and the gap between these two increased to about 12 "skeletal months" at the age of 12 years. The maturity of the girls in the central Japan advanced about 7 "skeletal months" than the British girls at the age of 9 years, but after 10 years of age the gap began to decrease, and at the age of 11 and 12 years both were equal. (Table 4, Fig. 3 and Fig. 4).
6. Comparing with the skeletal development of the children in three populations, i, e., Tokyo, Central Japan and England, the retardation of the skeletal maturity of the Tokyo boys and the British girls in the early school period, and the acceleration of the skeletal maturity of the Tokyo girls after 8 years of age and of the boys in the cental Japan after 9 years of age were observed peculiarly in this report.

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A preliminary finding on the skeletal maturation of the JapaneseAmerican hybrids based on the radiographs of hand and wrist were discussed as compared with that of Japanese. The present paper dealt only with the result of males and of the white hybrids. The materials consisted of 129 semi-longitudinal radiographs in 20 boys, who were followed up from 1958 to 1965, aged 6 to 18 years. As the analytical technique, the Oxford method (ACHESON, 1954) and its revised by the author were used. The hybrids represented slightly the higher values of maturity score than the Japanese before about 11 years of age, but after this age the latter rather slightly preceded the former.

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Abstract The author observed three times Cimpanzees eat meat in the Budongo Forest, Uganda, Eeast Africa. On two of the occasions the preys in turn were a young blue monky (Cercopithecus mitis) and a young black and white Colobus monkey (Colobus polykomos). On the final occasion, however, it is worthy of note, the prey was a newborn chimpanzee (Pan troglodytes). In connection with the meat-eating among chimpanzee, several interesting behavior patterns, such as cooperative hunting, begging, sharing and carrying of the preys, were observed. All this seems highly important in considering the process of hominization. From these observations it became clear that meat-eating occurs not only among sevannaliving chimpanzees but also among forest-living chimpanzees.

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The aim of this study is to investigate whether or not cold vasodilatation reaction exists in macaques (Macaca fuscata and Macaca mulatta) and, if there exists any, to what extent they adapt themselves to cold. Cold vasodilatation reaction was observed in all individuals of six male Japanese monkeys and three of six rhesus monkeys. Time to first temperature rise after immersion into cold water was significantly faster in rhesus monkeys than Japanese monkeys. Tempearture of first rise after immersion and mean skin temperature during immersion were also significantly higher in Japanese monkeys than those of rhesus monkeys. No significant difference, however, was found in the highest skin temperature during immersion. Skin temperatures of these species did not return to the control level before immersion, even 30min, after withdrawing the fingers from the iced water bottle.

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Two human infant remains were found under the rock of the rockshelter site of Tochibara, Kita-Aiki-Mura, Minami-Saku-Gun, Nagano Prefecture (The Earliest Stage of Jomon Period). Based on the teeth, two children were estimated to be 3 years and half, and 5 years and half. Skeletons were laid so that they ran away. A cleft on ilium suggests a heavy bruise. They were pressed to death by a falling rock, which was seperated from the ceiling of the shelter. A snail shell, ornaments of cone shell and berry nuclei of Aphananthe aspera were enearthed with these remains. Two fire-places were near them. The case was the earliest death by accident in Japan, because this site are estimated 8, 650 years B. P., according to C14 method.

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