As a part of project for studying the reduction of human dentition, an examination of dental diseases in the Yedo era was made. Materials used were 27 maxillae and 26 mandibles with permanent or mixed dentition, selected from 529 Japanese skulls from the Yedo era. As the number of materials available was not sufficient to represent the character of the population, the purpose of this paper might be limited just to present the data obtained.
By comparing these data to those from the later Jomon, Kamakura, Kofun, Muromachi, and modern ages, however, it might still be possible to consider that the specificity of dental diseases in this period was similar to that in the modern age, but less serious. The influence of the discrepancy was dominant in maxilla, while the environmental pollution seemed to be the main pathogenetic factor in mandible.

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A median sagittal cephalograms of the sixty-three Macaca fascicularis and forty-two Cercopithecus aethiops are used in this study. The cephalograms are divided in six sections by anthropological axes. Then twenty-four reference axes and maximum cranial length and Prosthion-sella line are drawn on the roentgenograms. The lengths of reference axes are measured by the slide calipers with vernier to the nearlest 1/10mm and factor analysis is applied on the measurement. The high loadings (over 0.4) of reference axes are interpreted on an anthropological basis. The following results are indicaetd in this tudy. On the facial region of the Macaca the high loadings distribute in four parts, on the other hand, the high loadings of the Cercopithecus distribute in two parts. On the facial part of Macaca, developmental factors on alveolar region are revealed but alveolar developmental factor is not detected in Cercopithecus. The distributions of high factor loadings of the Macaca in frontal, parietal and occipital regions (III, IV, V, VI section) are similar to those of the Cercopithecus.Factor loadings of the under parts of occipital region may be influenced by development of cerebellum. The maximum cranial lengths of the Cercopithecus and the Macaca are influenced by development of the upper part of the parietal region, moreover the maximum craniai length of the Macaca is influenced by the facial region, and that of Cercopithecus is influenced markedly by not only the facial section but also frontal section. On the human skulls, factorial characteristics on the frontal region are quite different from those of facial region and stratificated structure of the human face is indicated. The high loadings of the first factor of Macaca and Cercopithecus are found in the frontal section and those of the human are
found in the parietal section. The parietal section of the two monkeys is interpreted by two factors, which divide the section in upper and under parts. The parietal section of the human is interpreted by single factor. The factor loadings of cerebellar region of monkey and human have a reversed sign contrary to loadings in the other regions. The maximum cranial length of the monkey hold close relation to the facial region and that of the human relates to the parietal and the basicranial region.

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This paper reports the usefulness of the cranial suture closure in the age estimation. Using samples of 141 Japanese male skulls, the reliability of the suture closures as the age indicator was examined by means of multiple regression analysis and quantification theory model I analysis. The results indicate that (1) the endocranial suture closure has the higher reliablity than the entocranial one and is serviceable enough for the age assessment, and (2) quantification theory model I analysis is more reliable than multiple regression analysis in the age estimation from the cranial suture closure. The methods presented here can be applied to only the male samples between 20 and 58 years of age.

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The relationships between increase in rectal temperature and subcutaneous fat were studied during exercise in 10 male Japanese, aged 18 to 31 years old. The skinfold thicknesses were measured at six sites, i.e., triceps, chest, abdomen, iliac, subscapula, and thigh. Mean skinfold thickness (MSF), body density, body fat %, lean body mass (LBM), and body surface area(BSA) were calculated by the prediction equations. The subjects dressed only shorts and exercised on a bicycle ergometer for 32min at the two work loads, i, e., 300 and 600kgm/min, in a warm environment (DBT=28.5±1.71°C, WBT=23.9±1.62°C). Oxygen uptake (VO₂) and increase in rectal temperature (ΔTr) were measured at the last of the exercise. Single correlation appeared to be significant between ΔTr and body weight (Wt), between ΔTr and LBM, and between ΔTr and BSA. The multiple regression equations of ΔTr (°C) on Wt (kg)and VO₂ (ml/min), on LBM (kg) and VO₂, and on BSA (m2) and VO₂ were calculated respectively as,
ΔTr=1.20-0.0282 Wt +0.000778 VO₂,
ΔTr=1.94-0.0469 LBM+0.000787 VO₂,
ΔTr=2.72-1.95 BSA+0.000780 VO₂.
These equations denote that the heavy body mass and the learge body surface area depress the increase in body temperature during exercise. The multiple correlation for *Tr, Wt, MSF, and VO₂ was found to be highly significant (R=0.963, P<0.001), and the multiple regression equation of ΔTr(°C) on Wt (kg), MSF (mm), and VO₂ (ml/min) was calculated as,
ΔTr =2.11-0.0504 Wt+0.0416 MSF+0.000788 VO₂.
This may indicate that the subcutaneous fat prevents the heat loss from the body during exercise in a warm environment.

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Brains from 51 Japanese (102 Hemishperia cerebri) were examined macroscopically with respect to the form and laterality of the superior temporal surface, and the results were compared with observations previously reported on Japanese and Europeans. The following were shown:
1. The planum temporale was found in the superior temporal surface of 95.1% (left: 98.0%, right: 92.2%) of our subjects. These percentages were higher than those reported for the brain of Japanese by FUKUI (1934) and were equal to those reported for Europeans. The differences were considered to be due to differences in definition of the planum.
2. The surface pattern of superior temporal surfaces was classified into 7 types (I*VII);these were of the same type in both sides of the cerebrum in about a half of the subjects. However, the left side was predominant in size in the majority of these cases. On the other hand, among subjects having asymmetrical surface pattern, the left side was predominant in only a half.
3. Within the superior temporal surface, the anterior transverse temporal gyrus was larger in the left than the right side in about a half of the subjects. The posterior transverse temporal gyri were seen more often in the right side than in the left, but were larger in the left side in those subjects who had the gyri bilaterally. In 70% of present materials the planum temporale was larger on the left than the right side.
4. The type V pattern of superior temporal surface was most often associated with horizontal course of the posterior branch of the lateral sulcus, and the type VI with ascending course of the posterior branch.

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The incremental layers in the cement of the first lower molar was tested for new age index of the Ryukyu Wild Boar (Sus scrofa riukiuanus) by comparing lower tooth eruption and wear rate. The results were as follows: (1) Best observation point for age estimation was the cementume on divergence of dental root. (2) An age estimation with about half-yearly can be made by observing the incremented layers in the cement of the first lower molar together with the lower tooth eruption and wear rate.

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This paper describes a technique of computerized data analysis and processing of moiré photographs. The facilities of the processing system consisted of TV-camera, A/D converter, magnetic disks, central processing unit and display apparatuses.
The analogue data on moiré photographs were picked up by TV-camera and were converted to digital information by A/D converter. The digitalized data with 1 to 255 grades were binarized by modified Laplacian method, and the unnecessary background area was separated and removed from the data of moiré images proper. The data on all contour fringes were traced and delineated by clock-wise detection of S neighboring picture elements. The z-values for the height of each contour lines were processed by a conversion table.
Perspective charts of the patella and calcaneus were represented as an example of output of the automatic processing. The algorism to compute the surface area and volume of the bones was also given.

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