Continuous observations were made on the process of troop formation of Japanese monkeys in Koshima, Kushima city, Miyazaki, Japan. The troop was formed by females who had deserted from the main troop. When new members joined (5 nulliparous females and 1 adult male) in the mating season of 1979, troop formation which had begun with female desertion in 1973 reached a turning point. During the mating season of 1980, troop formation was completed. The author analyzed social interactions in the new troop for about one year from the time new members joined until troop formation was completed in order to clarify the integrating process of new members and the formation of a new troop.
In the beginning, aggressive interaction between newcomer females occurred frequently only in the presence of another dominant individual. The context in which it occurred revealed that aggressive interaction was strongly influenced by the presence of a 3rd dominant individual. Just after an aggressive episode, the 3rd individual and aggressor frequently remained near each other or showed affinitive behaviour. These facts suggest that the aggression by a subordinate individual had the character of "working upon" the resident by the newcomer female. The newcomer females also "worked upon" the resident through one-sided grooming or approach behaviour before grooming.
Resident famales and young males also behaved aggressively among themselves especially in the presence of a newcomer male. Thus, these residents "worked upon" the newcomer male.
Thus, a newcomer female joined the troop by "working upon" the resident whereas a newcomer male was dominant over resident males and was "worked upon" by residents.
After an active period in which social interactions, mainly "working upon ", occurred frequently, frequency of both affinitive and antagonistic interaction decreased, and the troop members began to co-exist peacefully, so completing troop formation. Peaceful daily relationships among individuals formed and they were considered from then to be co-existing members of a troop. It appears likely that "working upon" behaviour contributed significantly to the formation of such new relationships. That is, " working upon" behaviour is a means to gain membership and is thought to be based upon the motivation of "impressing". This refers to one individual trying to impress his presence on another individual.
Aggressive interaction based on "impressing motivation" (i, e., " impressing behaviour ") is not only" appeal aggression" (DeWAAL, 1976) but also meaningful in the other various aggressive interactions in polyadic situations.
When primate social behavior is understood from the standpoint that the immediate causesof establishement of society are found in the pattern of inter-individual interacions, the ideaof "impressing behaviour" will provide a useful viewpoint.

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Many papers on Macaca fuscata (Japanese monkeys) have been published, but among them there is no paper which deals mainly with the eruption of their deciduous teeth. This report aims to present statistical results on the eruption age of the deciduous teeth in this species.
The sample used for this study includes a total of 384 cases of observations on dental eruption, which were obtained from 76 wild and caged animals belonging to various troops (Table 1). Differences between groups and sexes were not considered for the analysis because sample sizes were not always sufficiently large, and concerning dental eruption, differences between sexes and habitats are less important than individual variations within groups. The age of the animals used for this study varies from day of birth to 12.5 month. The degree of erup- tion of a tooth crown was defined as the average eruption between corresponding left and right teeth.
1) The sequence of tooth eruption The average eruption sequence is (i₁, i¹)→i₂→i²→(c, , c', m₁, m¹)→m₂→m². Parentheses indicate that the eruption orders are variable between the bracketed teeth, and the arrow means that the tooth written before it always begins to erupt earlier than the following teeth.
2) The age of tooth eruption
Statistics and analyses of eruption age are complicated and, therefore, only a relatively simple statistical report is shown in Table 2. These results were based on the eruption of any portion of tooth crown.
More detailed relationship between age and number of animals (expressed in percentages) which had each deciduous tooth is illustrated in Fig. 1. This figure contains not only results on the beginning of tooth eruption (dotted lines) which were calculated from Table 1, but also information on the eruption of at least about half (broken lines) and the whole (solid lines) of the tooth crown. There are fairly large individual variations in the age at which each of the teeth erupts. Table 3 is a tentatively made norm for eruption age, which covers around eighty percent of the individual variations docummented in our study.
Among three species of macaques, M, fuscata, M. mulatta and M. fascicularis, it appears that the deciduous incisor erupts somewhat earlier in M, fuscata, while the deciduous second molar erupts somewhat earlier in M, mulatta, as seen in Table 4.

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The nation-wide survey on the physical status in Japanese was made in 1978-1981 by the Agency of Industrial Science and Technology in the Ministry of International Trade and Industry Japan. Subjects consisted of more than 46, 000 men and women aged 4 months to 60 years and the measurements comprised more than 30 items. A report of the survey, basic statistics only, was published (limited edition) in 1984 through Nihon Kikaku Kyokai (Japanese Association of Standardization), Akasaka, Tokyo. In the present paper, the author, an executive member of the survey, intended to show several features of the up-to-date physical status and body types of the Japanese within the limit of the data published, i. e. mean values and standard deviations. For secular analysis, the present data was compared with the data reported 10 years ago by the same Agency (similar scale survey).
1. Sexual differences in body types begin to appear at about 3 years of the age in such a way as "miniature" of adult proportions, except for the lower limb length which is relatively longer in girls before puberty than in boys, notwithstanding markedly longer in males throughout adulthood.
2. Secular improvement of the physical status in children is hardly verified when the data is re-analysed from the standpoint of secular acceleration in growth and maturation. For instance, chest development (chest girth) is considered being apt to change for the worse, and some parts of the body (waist, upper arm, thigh) show a sign of inclination for obesity. 3. Subcutaneous fat thickness of adult female Japanese decreases markedly during these 10 years. However, the author is convinced that this decrease may be brought about not by the substantial secular change, but by the change of their life custom, i. e. eagerness for the thinner has resulted in development of varied trials, e. g. yoga, aerobics, etc. and of many kinds of devices, so-called "health apparatus ".
4. The age change proper in the adulthood period after excluding secular component may become manifest when the present data will be compared with the data reported 10 years ago in such a way that 40-years group of the former will be compared with 30-years group of the latter, and so on. These findings are invaluable because the longitudinal follow-up of the adult and aged is extremely difficult to complete. Three patterns of the age change are found: 1) Stature, limb lengths and body widths decrease bit by bit with advancing age. 2) Weight and body girths (chest, waist, abdomen) increase gradually until 60 years of the age. 3) Girths of hip, arm and thigh increase up to the period of 40-50 years, then turn to the decrease.

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The subjects for this study were 18 male and 16 female volunteers whose ages ranged from 58 to 81 years. All were healthy and without evidence of recent or present disease. Their total body fat (TBF) was estimated from total body water by D₂O dilution method and subcutaneous fat (SF) was calculated by measuring skinfold thickness at 12 sites. Internal fat (IF) was determined from TBF and SF. The TBF content varied from 10.3 to 43.0% (average 27.2) of body-weight in the men and from 19.0 to 47.0% (average 35.0) in the women. The proportion of fat situated subcutaneously in the women (51.3%) was higher than men (45.8%), but no significant differences in fat distribution between the both sexes. The regression of TBF on IF was significantly different between the both sexes for a given TBF value, which corresponded to a higher IF value for the men subjects.

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In 1980, a young male skeletal remain was unearthed in a Protohistoric grave in Mibu, Tochigi Prefecture, East Japan (Fig. 1). The bones show commonly robust structure in compare with his moderate stature.
A unilateral hypertrophy of the clavicle was seen in this skeleton, that is, the right clavicle is much thicker than the left (Fig. 2, 3) and those of the average Japanese males for comparison (Table 1). On the other hand, the left one is slightly thicker than, or as thick as, those. There is also a slight hypertrophy of the right bone in the scapula and the humerus (Table 1).
In addition, a marked beveling of dorsal margin of the glenoid cavity (STEWART, 1979) and an expansion of the articular surface are seen only in the right scapula (Figs. 2, 3). No trace of disorder or fracture was seen in these bones.
These facts indicate that the right shoulder was stronger and more mobile than the left one. Accordingly, this individual could be right-handed.

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