In this article, the authors intended to prove statistically that the stone arrow heads which were buried in grave pits had been selected from those used in daily life, and/or intentionally made for grave goods (funerary objects).
The materials used were stone arrow heads unearthed from a grave pit and from other areas in the same site. The site belongs to the latest Jomon period, and is located at Satsukari in the southern part of Hokkaido. The excavation was undertaken by the members of the Historical Museum of Hokkaido during the period of 1971 through 73.
The investigation was carried out using a variance analysis method to prove whether the variances of measurements of the stone arrow heads differed between those excavated from the grave pit (Group 1) and from the other areas of the site (Group 2). The numbers of materials were 57 for Group 1 and 62 for Group 2.
The measurements made were maximum length (F in figure 2), maximum breadth (C), maximum thickness, apex length (D), base length (E), and weight, the line through the middle of the arrow head in figure 2 being the reference line.
The test of difference in means showed that the significant differences were recognized in only two measurements, maximum length and apex length, and in both cases Group 2 showed smaller mean values than the Group 1. This fact appears to prove that the arrow heads in Group 2 were worn out by daily use. In contrast to this, insignificant differences between Groups 1 and 2 might show that the arrow heads of both groups belonged to the same population.
On the other hand, the variance analysis showed that the variances for all the measurements were larger in Group 2 than in Group 1. The results apparently show that the arrow heads from the grave pit might have been selected intentionally on the basis of a certain standard.
Thus, it may be safely emphasized that the statistical analysis on the stone arrow heads from the Satsukari site in Hokkaido proved intentional selection of those buried in the grave pits. In addition, it is very probable that the people of the site used relatively new artifacts when they prayed for a departed soul.

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Since the later Jomon period, frequency of tooth to denture base discrepancy has increased from 8.9% to 63.1%. In other words, the reduction of human dentition progressed substantially through the last two millennia. Consequently, it might be certain that the marked alteration occurred also in the frequency and the specificity of dental diseases and disorders through the same period.
The present paper is dealing with the incidence and extent of dental diseases observed in Japanese skeletal remains from the Kamakura era as part of a project for studying the reduction of human dentition.
The materials are 86 maxillae and 55 mandibles with permanent or mixed dentitions selected from Japanese skulls from the Kamakura era.
After careful examination of dental caries and other related disorders, consideration was taken into the relation between these disorders and the discrepancy. The final conclusion was that the discrepancy was not so dominant in the Kamakura era as in the modern age, but it seemed firmly to exist and to have a pathogenetic influence for dental caries.

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Paying attention to the importance of foot grasping of the primate to its arboreal locomotion, 9 angles and 15 lengths of tarsal and metatarsal bones belonging to 14 anthropoidea genera were measured to show the features of the grasping foot skeleton, to classify the primate foot, and to study the relations between the morphology of the foot and locomotion.
The results disclosed that the foot skeleton of the apes possesses grasping features, namely 1) low transverse arch, 2) slight medial torsion of the caput of the 1st metatarsal, 3) strong lateral torsion of the caputs of the lateral 4 metatarsals, 4) large opposability of hallux, 5) long hallucial metatarsal relatively to the others, and 6) large height-breadth indices of the lateral 4 metatarsal caputs. The foot skeleton's features of the small New World monkeys and the Old World monkeys are opposite to the grasping ones. Furthermore, those of the large New World monkeys are intermediate probably because of their prehensile tails, and those of Homo are unique. And it is suggested that the grasping foot is an adaptation for climbing especially during feeding.

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Using the measurements of the head and face as well as the characteristics of the indices of 419 men and 437 women belonging to 10 tribes (Takasago) in Taiwan (Table 2 and 3), we attempted to classify the tribes into the following categories (Table 5):
Group 1 - Yami•Atayal Group 2 - Saisiyat Group 3 - Paiwan•Rukai Group 4 - Tsou•Bunun•Thao and Ami•Puyuma
When compared with bibliographic sources, disparity or divergence of views were found concerning the Ami, Paiwan•Rukai and Atayal. By pointing out that the character of the Ami has changed markedly in recent years, indicating the process through which the Saisiyat, which used to have strong Ami-like characteristics, have come to be focused upon (Fig.2) and discussing the brachycephaly of the Paiwan•Rukai and the Yami-like characteristics of the Atayal, the authors formulated their views.

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