The grade of development of the temporal line, to which the temporalis muscle relating to masticatory function is attached, was assessed on 335 Japanese crania of the Jomon period, the Kofun period, the Kamakura to Edo period and the present age. By means of comparing the frequencies of each developmental grade in the samples of different periods, the secular changes in the development of the temporal line were investigated. The results indicated that there was a decreasing tendency in development of the temporal line from the prehistoric Jomon to the present age regardless of sex. In particular, the frequency pattern of the grades in the Jomon crania was different from those in the other crania, with significantly higher incidences of high grades in the development of the line. This finding indicates that the muscles of mastication of the prehistoric Jomon people were more robust than those of peoples in the protohistoric and historic periods, and that powerful mastication was required in the life of the preagricultural Jomon people who subsisted on hunting and gathering.

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One thousand eight hundred male workers in an industrial factory were examined in 1981 using anthropometric measurements (height, weight, abdominal girth, chest girth, and skinfold thickness), physical fitness tests (vertical jump, hand grip force, respiratory function, and blood pressure) and a questionnaire about daily habits (cigaret smoking, alcohol consumption, and physical activity), and they were reexamined to compare in 1984.
ROHRER'S indices (weight/height3) of the same individuals in 1984 were larger than those in 1981 at the 44 year old age or younger. Vertical jump, hand grip force, and forced vital capacity (FVC) declined with increasing age. FVC in 1984 declined significantly as compared with the values in 1981 at the over-30 age group. There were no remarkable differences in vertical jump between 1981 and 1984.
The rate of non-smokers was highest at the 40-44 year age group. The rate of daily smoking in 1984 was about 60 percent which was less than that in 1981. The rate of daily alcohol consumption in 1984 was 45 percent, which was higher than in 1981. More than 50 percent of workers over 45 years old had no regular physical activity. The rate of daily sports activity in 1984 decreased as compared with that in 1981 at each age group.
FVC and blood pressure in non-smokers were fairly good over 45 years of age. Blood pressure in non-drinkers was generally lower than in drinkers. There were definite relationships between health and daily life habits in workers, although physical fitness generally declined with increasing age.

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The wear facets and the microwear formed on the teeth should be considered as phenomena that are related mechanically with jaw movement and phylogenetically with the other kinds of primates, not with the direct kinds of food.
The upper first molar in 108 individuals of Saimiri were observed by using scanning electron microscopy. The frequency of cavitation on the four cusps, the frequency of appearance of every 10 facets, the dominant kinds of microwear and the other feature of the facets were observed in relation to their function during mastication. The frequency of cusp cavitation was higher on the protocone and the hypocone than the other cusps. Thus cusp cavitation appears to be influenced not only by the puncture-crushing cycle but also by the chewing cycle. In addition, this extent of the puncture-crushing cycle is one of the characteristic features of Saimiri in Platyrrhine primates.
Wear facets 1, 2, 3, 4 and 6 are divided into two parts (ridge and lingual) according to the differences of the frequency of the appearance and the feature of the microwears. In facets 3 and 4, these two parts tend to merge together. The trend is more conspicuous in facet 3 than in facet 4. Facet 3 is prominently well formed among facets 1, 2, 3 and 4. Facet 5 and the ridge part of facet 6 have numerous pits. Facet 8 is well formed and has heavy pits and microflakes dominantly. The lingual part of facet 6, which forms the mesial wall of entoflexus, has numerous striations. Facets 9 and 10 appear in the specimens that have more than moderate tooth wear.
These features of the facets suggest the micro movement of the lower molar during chewing cycle as below : At the beginning of phase I the horizontal direction of movement of the lower molar is mesiolingual. However, at the end of phase I, the direction might transiently change distolingually. Next, the lower molar moves mesiolingually again for phase II . Thus, facet 8 and the lingual part of facet 6 appear to guide the detailed movement of the lower molar.

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The Skeleton of a giant sumo wrestler, the late Mr. B. Dewagatake (1901-1950), who suffered from gigantism (205cm in maximum stature) with adenoma of the anterior lobe of pituitary gland, was craniologically and osteologically examined.
Despite the normal endocranial capacity of 1550ml, the calvaria, as a whole, is extremely large in size, especially in sagittal and transversal directions, but it remains almost normal in vertical (Fig. 1).
Bones of the skull vault are considerably thick and porous, especially on the occipital bone. The frontal sinus is enlarged nearly to the whole extent of the frontal bone. Attachments of the masticatory muscles, such as temporalis and pterigoids are strikingly developed.
The facial skeleton, as a whole, is also overgrown, markedly in three directions of the skull, especially in vertical. The details of the overgrowth of the whole skull should be referred to the Tables 1, 2, 5 in the text. There is some difference in growth between upper and lowere jaws. The breadth of the dental arcade of the lower jaw is wider than that of the upper. The resulting malocculusion of the left half of the jaws and successively followed imbalance of the masticatory forces between right and left sides bring about morphological asymmetry of the related cranial parts, such as ascending rami of the mandible, temporal, infratemporal, pterigoid and mandibular fossae of the calvaria.
The limbs are relatively long, while the trunk is relatively short and very thick (Figs. 2, 5). Most of the postcranial bones look very stout not only by their absolute sizes but by the relative thicknesses. The long bones are generally straight and round in cross-section (Figs. 6, 9). The compact walls of the bones are thin in spite of their large sizes (Table 3), but the muscle markings are well developed.
The limb bones are some 25-50% longer than average, varying between bones (Fig. 2). That is, the lower limb bones are extremely long, while the upper limb bones are moderately long, and the limb bones are more elongated in the distal segments than in the proximal ones. The relative thickness (robusticity index) of the long bones also varies by portion to portion (Fig. 3). That is, the diaphyses are relatively very thick in the upper limb bones, and also somewhat thick in the lower limb bones. On the contrary, the epiphyses are relatively a little thicker in the upper limb bones, but relatively thinner in the lower limb bones. Other features of the overgrowth of the postcranial bones should be referred to the Tables 4, 6-9.
Peculiar bilateral asymmetry and imbalance are seen in the upper limb bones (Figs. 7, 8). Beside the above mentioned general changes in size and shape caused by gigantism, the following were recognized as main pathological changes : osteoporosis, kyphosis and arthrosis def orinans in several joints (Fig. 4).
Detailed measurements and photographs of the bones are shown in the following material report : Morphological Data on the Skeleton of a Giant Sumo Wrestler, the Late Mr. Dewagatake, (SUZUKI et al. 1986).

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Craniometrical and osteometrical data on the skeleton of a sumo wrestler with gigantism are listed in tables. Photographs and radiographs of bones are also shown in plates.

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Bigonial diameter in 749 Punjabi infants measured at monthly age levels between 1 and 12 months are presented. Mean bigonial diameter varied between 5.87 (±0.47) cm at one and 6.67(±0.48)cm 12months in male infants. Corresponding values for females are 5.86 (±0.39) and 6.35 (±0.50) cm respectively. 88% of the size at 12 months was attained by male infants by the age of one month while it measured 92% in females.

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The correlation coefficients of the mesiodistal and buccolingual crown diameters of the permanent teeth for the Japanese and Chinese populations are presented.

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