Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

Physique, Work Capacity, and Motor Performance of the Japanese

Yoshio SAWADA

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 181-207
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.181

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I. The physique of the Japanese since the Meiji Period of 1900

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Cardio-pulmonary Characteristics during Land and Swimming Exercise

Takeo NOMURA

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 209-218
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.209

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Abstract Cardio-pulmonary response was compared in nine American swimmers (18-21 year) during tethered swimming and land exercise. VE was significantly higher in land (P<.05) than in swimming due to the higher f. At a comparable VO₂ greater HR was observed in land exercise during submaximal work. However, during maximal work the difference disappeared. The DLco increased linearly with VO₂ during land exercise but plateaued out during swimming so that compared to land DLco was higher in swimming at submaximal work. There was a linear increase in Vc with increase in VO₂ in both swimming and land exercise. The Vc during swimming was significantly higher (P<.01) than that in land exercise over all work loads. During submaximalwork VE, HR, DL_co, and Vc were affected by the water immersion and posture. However, during maximal work in spite of higher Vc in swimming the DL_co was almost the same as that in land exercise. It was postulated that the stimulus for an adequate oxygen uptake is governed by the work demand which overcomes any influence from other sources such as water immersion or posture.

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A Comparison of Maximal Oxygen Intake of Japanese Female Athletes Determined by Direct and Indirect Methods

Terutoshi SAKATE

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 219-227
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.219

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Twelve female athletes aged between 19 and 22 years took sub maxiaml step-tests and maximal treadmill tests at about 20°C, 30°C, and 40°C of air temperature. The height of the bench was 30cm and the stepping rate was 15 and 27 steps per min. The maximal tests were performed at a constant running speed of 150m per min on a motor driven treadmill by a stepwise incremental loading technique. Namely, the subjects began running at a 0° grade which was subsequently increased by 2° every 2 min to their exhaustion.
The heart rate (HR) during submaximal work was significantly affected by air temperature (p<0.01), while oxygen intake (Vo₂) during both submaximal and maximal works was not. Prediction of maximal oxygen intake (Vo2max) was made from HR and Vo₂ at a submaximal work load by use of the nomograms of ASTRAND-RYHMING (1954), MARGARIA et al. (1965), and SATO, TSUDA, & YAMASAKI (1976). The results revealed that the observed Vo2max was overestimated in the prediction by the nomogram of SATO, TSUDA, & YAMASAKI (1976), and underestimated in the predictions by those of ASTRAND-RYHMING (1954) and MARGARIA et al. (1965). Comparing with the prediction by the nomograms of ASTRAND-RYHMING (1954) and MARGARIA et al.(1965), it was found in the case of SATO, TSUDA, & YAMASAKI (1976) that there was a trend to improve the accuracy in the prediction, especially in the hot environment. When highly trained athletes (group A) were omitted from the prediction by use of the nomograms for female, the above-mentioned tendency became more obvious.
Practical use of the nomograms, effects of the heat stress and physical training on prediction and others were discussed.

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A Comparison of Maximal Oxygen Intake of Japanese Female Athletes Determined by Direct and Indirect Methods

Masahiro YAMASAKI, Kazuhiko YAMASAKI, Hajime HISANAGA

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 229-236
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.229

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Changes of the surface and needle electromyogram (EMG) of the biceps brachii in fatigue were investigated.
The subjects kept a 10 kg weight applied to the wrist with the elbow flexed about 90°, until they were not able to maintain the elbow in this position. This exhausting contraction was repeated twelve times with a pause of 30 sec between each contraction until eight times. The pause durations from 9 th contraction to 12 th were longer than 30 sec in order to record the EMG.
The surface EMG were recorded during slight contraction in the biceps brachii after the 9 th sustained contraction, and the needle EMG after 10 th, 11 th and 12 th contractions.
In fatigue which followed exhausting contractions, the percentage of polyphasic action potentials recorded with a concentric needle electrode increased, and the duration of all action potentials decreased (Table 1 & 2). These results were discussed comparing with the characteristic EMG of myopathy and with the previous electromyographic studies on muscle fatigue. The power spectra of the bipolar surface EMG showed the frequency lowering in fatigue (Fig. 2 & Table 3).
It was ascertained that the correlation between the percentage of polyphasic action potentials and that of lower frequency components (below 40Hz) was significant (Fig. 3). It was inferred that increased polyphasic action potentials and the frequency lowering in fatigue was due to synchronization between discharges from different motor units.

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Occlusal Surface Index of the Molars in Indians

Tadashi OZAKI, Eiko OHNUKI, Masaru TSURUOKA

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 237-243
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.237

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A total of 164 teeth in Indians, comprising 86 upper molars and 78 lower molars have been examined, and the occlusal surface indices have been calculated in order to compare the results of the previous studies. Our findings are as follows. The occlusal surface indices of the molars in Indians show a tendency of decreasing their values toward the posterior, that is, with the largest values on M1 and the smallest on M3. A statistically very significant difference has been observed between M1 and M2 and between M1 and M3 on both the upper and the lower jaws. The tendency mentioned above is seen with Australian Aborigines and Japanese. It is noted that the occlusal surface indices of Indians for each of the teeth examined are smaller than those of Australian Aborigines and Japanese.

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Gm and Km Allotypes of the Japanese in Aomori and Fukushima, Northeastern Part of Japan

Hachiro NAKAJIMA, Tohru ABE

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 245-247
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.245

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Four hundred twenty-two serum samples from Japanese donors in Aomori and Fukushima Prefectures were tested for Gm (1, 2, 5, 16, 21) and Km(1). The Gm haplo type frequencies estimated were: Gm^{1, 21} 0.450, Gm^{1, 2, 21} 0.161, Gm^{1, 16} 0.291 and Gm^{1, 5} 0.099 in Aomori, and Gm1, 21 0.512, Gm^{1, 2, 21} 0.151, Gm^{1, 16} 0.260 and Gm^{1, 5} 0.078 in Fukushima. The Km¹ frequencies for Aomori and Fukushima were estimated at 0.256 and 0.282, respectively. These figures were in agreement with those observed in central and southwestern Japan by previous investigators.

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Observation of Changes of the Dorsum Curve by Moire Contourograph

Influence of the heel height on the body surface configuration of adult woman

Yoshifumi SHINDATBE, Naruhiko NAGAO, Yoshikazu IMAI

1977 Volume 85 Issue 3 Pages 249-255
Published: 1977
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.85.249

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Upright standing posture of an adult woman was studied on a number of different sorts of heel heights by moire topography method. Well-poised body surface configuration could be evinced by the least curve of the dorsum on the heel height of 40 mm. The woman felt instability in keeping the upright standing posture on the heels higher than 40 mm. The more lordotic posture was exaggerated by the higher heels by backward movement of the most protruded points of the calves, the thighs and the scapulae. A bulge or swelling of the lumbar part of the proprial dorsal muscles could be observed in the case of more than 80 mm of heel height. Approaching to 100 mm over 80 mm on the heel height, the nates aut dunes were drawn backward, while the kyphotic tendency of the thoracic column became more and more conspicuous. Extreme change could be observed around the under part of the calves on the heel height of 100 mm.

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