Okinawa Island is composed of old raised coral reefs. Some extinct species of mammals in Okinawa such as elephant, deer, rat, etc are found hitherto from the deposits of limestone caves in Okinawa developed by natural erosion.

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The fossil bones of the pleistocene man were found at the Yamshita-cho Cave Site in Naha city, Okinawa Prefecture. Cave deposits were divided as follows.
Human skeltal remains were excavated from the layer VI just under the layers III and V, the charcoal of which was dated as 32, 100±1, 000 yr. B. P. (TK-78).

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The Yamashita-cho anthropological site is in a cave in the Naha limestone, the oldest member of the Pleistocene Ryukyu limestone. The Naha limestone is forming the high level terrace of the area and cut by step faults with the NW-SE direction.
After the deposition of the Naha limestone, the southern part of the Okinawa Island upheaved domically, when antithetic faults and step faults occurred in the area. The formation of the Yamashitacho cave might be closely related to the crustal movement.

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Artifacts excavated at the Yamashita-cho Cave Site were classified as stone and bone artifacts. Deer bone artifacts were rich in quantity, whereas stone implements were few. The tradition of the Yamashitacho culture differs from those of the Sampoeng (Indonesia), the Hoabinhian (Indonesia) or the changpinian (Formosa), and the traditional relationsip of ti, . Yamashita-rho rnltiira is not rlanr.

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An anthropo metric and radiological investigation of school children at Nakijin On Okinawa was undertaken by the author, as one of the members of the investigation commmittee of Okinawa of the Union of Nine Scientific Societies, in November 1971.In the resent paper, Physical growth of the children of Okinawa was discussed and compared with that in some Japanese local groups.The children of Okinawa seemed to pass through childhood to adolessence at about 13 years for the boys and 12 years for the girls.The adolescent spurt occured earlier and the time of its spurt was more prolonged in the children of Okinawa as compared with the Japanese children in general. The secular trend in growth was observed in the data of Okinawa, correspond-ing to the general trend in Japanese and other populations.From comparison of the b value (slope of line) in childhood allometry, a closer relationship between the Ainu and Okinawa islanders and between Kagoshima and Amami- Oshima was suggested.

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The tendon attachments of the superficial temporalis and the secondlayer of zygomaticomandibularis are clearly recognized on sulcus zygomatico-mandibularis (YOSHIKAWA, 1963) which is made by the development of zygo-maticomandibularis. The superficial temporalis embraces the outside of the first layer of the latter, attaching on the posterior wall of orbita. The attach-ments make generally the shallow sulci but rarely ridges in 3-4 years old.
The tendon attachments of the second layer of zygomaticomandibularis separate downwards from the f rontoorbital margin and extend from the posterior wall of so-called zygomaticotemporal foramen to the posterior region of zygo-maticoorbital margin. The traces of its attachments make simple low eminences as well as vague lines, but rarely the belt-like eminences, which were made by two ridges. Sometimes, the long one runs to pterygopalatine fossa and the other, which makes circular tubercle, ends suddenly or diminishes gradually on the way.
These cristae have been called by EHARA (1969) crista temporalis lateralis, but the authors wish to call them the crista zygomaticomandibularis.

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Seit langem wurde die Spina nasalis anterior als die typisch menschliche Ausbildung gegoltan, trotzdem ist sie auch unter jeder KlassifikationsgrupPe der Primaten, in Bezug auf die Form und die Erscheinungshäufigkeit, sehr unterschiedlich zu beobachten.In dieser Abhandlung wurden zuerst die topographichen Strukturgezüge der Apertura piriformis verglichen und wurde identifiziert, ob die Spina auf der Crista posterior v. BONIN steht, damit die menschli-the Spina mit derjenigen der nicht-menschlichen Primaten homologisert werden Kann.Die ziemlich häufig zu beobachtene Spina der Platyrrhina ist phylogenetisch von derjenigen des Menschen unabhängig und homoiologisch PLATE 1922 (Unterbegriff der Analogie). Die sehr seltene Spina-Ausbildung bei den Cercopitheciden ist deutlicherweise mit derjenigen des Menschen nicht homologisch, denn sie steht auf der Crista anterior. Bei den afrikanischen Anthropoiden wie Gorilla und Pan ist es sehr schwer, die auf der Crista posterior stehende SpinaAusbildung von derjenigen der Margo limitans zu trennen, denn die beidenmorphologischen Markmale liegen am Grund der medianen Nasenöffnung ubereinander. Trotzdem ist die Spina von Pan und Gorilla mit derjenigen des Meuschen hochst wahrscheinlich homologisch. Bei Australopithecus bilden die beiden der Crista anterior und posterior jede eigene Spina aus und die beiden Spina sind mit einer Crista verbunden. Nach der obengeschriebenen Krieterien ist die am hinteren Ende stehende Australopithecus-Spina mit der menschlichen Spina nasalis anterior homologisch, was unzustimmend der TOBIAS-schen Identifizierung ist.

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On the basis of the following five samples, the whirling direction of ridges in whoral-type fingerprints was inverstigated.
Sample A: Fingerprints of 91 Japanese males from the Tohoku District. (See Tables 1-3.)
Sample B: Fingerprints of 45 pairs of male monozygotic twins (total 90 individuals) from the Kanto District. (See Tables 4 and 5.)
Sample C: Fingerprints of 63 male and female Japanese from the Chubu District. (Secondarily
this was subdivided into three samples according to handedness.) (See Tables 6 and 7.)
Sample D: Fingerprints of 51 male Tayals in Taiwan. (See Table 7.)
Sample E: Fingerprints of 31 male and female polynesians from the Samoa Islands. (See Table 7.)
The results obtained are as follows (See Fig. 1 as to the abbreviations.)
(1) The occurence of Wr-type remarkably surpasses that of Wu-type in the all samples (Wr Wu_??_7 to 8 ; 2 to 3).
(2) The above tendency is more conspicuous in the left hand than in the right hand (Wr : Wu_??_9 :1 in the left, 6 : 4 in the light, showing a obvious bimanual asymmetry).
(3) Among five individual digits (I-V), digits I and V especially frequently bear Wr-type, while digits II and IV are characterized by relatively frequent occurence of Wu.
(4) There is no remarkable genetic relationship between both of the whirling direction (Wr, Wo, or Wu) and the flowing direction (RW, DW, or UW) of ridges in whorl-type fingerprint.
(5) From the comparison of fingerprint types between corresponding digits in monozygotic twins (table 5), it is deducible that genetic factors seem to be remarkably relating to the for-mation of whiring direction of ridges in whorl-type fingerprint. (This conclusion is not dedu-cible from the comparison of fingerprint types between homologous digits of opposite hands in each individual of the same monozygotic twins, possibly because of abovementioned obvious bimanual difference or asymmetry in the character concerned here.)
(6) It seems that the whirling direction of ridges in whorl-type fingerprint does not have close relationship to the handedness. (See Table 6.)

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Blood samples from the Taiwanese living in Taichung area in Taiwan have been tested for 4 blood group, 4 serum protein, and enzyme group systems. All the serum protein and enzyme group systems reported on here, except ABO, MN, P and Rh blood groups, have not been studied previously in Taiwanese. There were no any unusual phenotypes detected in all of these systems investi-gated. The overall results were discussed in comparison to those for the Japa-nese and Takasagos. In the blood group systems, the frequencies were similar to those reported in oher studies on the Taiwan Chinese and Southern Chinese. With the Hp1, Km1, and PHsA gene frequencies, there were significant differences between the Taiwanese and Takasagos, though no significant differeces between the Taiwanese and Japanese. Phenotypically, Gm pattern of the Taiwanese characterized by having a remarkably high frequency of Gm1, 5 is rather similar to that of the Takasagos, whereas it differs markedly from that of the Japanese.

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