Observations on the lower ends of 378 femora from modern Japanese who were accustomed to squat both at rest and at work were made and compared with other published results.
The average mean of the so-called squatting number by which the depth of the intercondylar fossa at the level of the intercondylar line was to be multiplied to give the greatest depth of the lower articular surface of the femur for Japanese was 3.23.It gave Japanese an intermediate position between Punjabis (2.90) or Indians (3.10) and modern Canadians (3.43) or Irish (3.44).It was, however, found that the Japanese femora were not distin-guishable from the modern Irish or Canadian ones by the so-called squatting number, because there was a considerable amount of overlap of the squatting number among them.
The depth of the intercondylar fossa in female was relatively greater than that in male, the difference being attributed to the fact that the articular surface of the knee joint in female was absolutely smaller than that in male.It was, therefore, necessary in comparison of the so-called squatting numbers of the femora among different populations to consider first whether given bones were of male or of female.
In addition, the average mean of the squatting index of SHAH for Japanese was 31.0 (male 30.3, female 32.5), being smaller than that (34.2) for Punjabis.

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1.Population of Akiyama, a small and remote mountain village in the border between Etigo and Sinano, was studied by Sex and Age Group in comparison to the population of all Japan and Etigo (Niigata-ken) and Sinano (Nagano-ken).The whole population is only about 1400.
The results are shown in Table 1-4.
2.The sex ratio in younger generation is almost the same as in other districts, but in advanced age, it shows unfavorable figure for the females.The more advanced the age, the more unfavorable for the females.
In Japan it is usual that in advanced age the population of the female is more than the male and the more advanced the age the more fayorable for the female.Over 90 years of age the ratio of female to male is 3: 1 or more, but in Akiyama it is 8: 14 (0.58) in the age of 80-89 years group.No man over 90 years of age was found.The oldest was a 87 year male.
3.The list of the eldest age of both sex in each community is shown in Table 4.The number of communities, where the eldest person is the male is 11, whereas those of the female is 5: the ratio is 2.2.Moreover the average age of the eldest persons in all communities is 75.8 for the female, 76.6 for the male: difference is 0.8 years, advantageous for the male.
4.This result shows that this region is not only unfavorable for the females than the males but also is unfavorable for the both sex to live long.

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Finger dermatoglyphics of 528 Newars (336 males and 192 females) have been reported in this paper.The sample was divided according to the mating patterns giving 12 endogamous groups.High frequency of loops in males and females are observed.The frequency of arches observed in females is high compared with males.Statistically, the inter-group differences of the Newar males are not significant.The index of pattern intensity shows higher values in males than in females, and this is attributed to higher frequency of whorls in males.Newar males exhibit a low value of DANK-MEIJER'S index compared with females and this is due to low frequency of arches in males.FURUHATA'S index is higher in the Newar males than in the females.
The frequency distributions of total ridge-count for males and females are given in Fig.3.The mean values for Group Shrestha males are 131.53 and females 103.13.The difference between their means is significant (t= 5.25 for 290 degree of freedom).The frequency distributions of total ridge-count for Gubhaju and Jyapu males are given in Fig.4, the mean values are 123.42 and 128.12 respectively.The inter-group differences between their means are not significant.The highest means are those for digit I, followed in order, by digits IV, III, V and II in Shrestha.The mean ridge-count is significantly greater on each digit in males, the difference being greatest in digit I for both hands.The mean ridge-count for the digit I on the right hand is greater than that in the left in both the sexes.The greatest varia-bility in ridge-count is shown by digit II and the least by digit V.
Generally speaking, Newars appear to show greater affinity with the Mon-goloid populations of Far East and Central Asia and several populations of Northern India.

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