Department of Anatomy, Shouwa University, School of Medicine The biceps lemons muscle and its homologues in primates shows a great variety in those morphology that are considered to correspond to the varieties of their habitual modes of the locomotion. Then, the morphology of the biceps femoris muscles of four species of the primates were investigated. And the function of these muscles during the habitual locomotion was investigated by means of the EMG method. The materials selected here are the Japanese macaque, the spider monkey, the gibbon and the chimpanzee. The Japanese macaque possesses the monoceptual ischiocruralis lateralis muscle, which shows the wide insertion from the femoral segment to the crural segment. This muscle can be devided into two parts: a part which inserts to the femoral segment and a part which inserts to the crural segment. The former part is considered as the monojoint hip extensor and the later part is considered as the two-joint hip extensor and/or knee flexor. Both of the morphological and functional investigation were performed on the both of the parts. The other three species possess both of the long and short heads of the biceps femoris muscle. Both of the morphological and the functional investigation were executed on the both heads of this muscle.
Morphological investigation: The range of the origin and the insertion, which is significant for the consideration of the function of the muscle, was measured and compared inter-specificaly. In the bicipital group, the differences were observed in the degree of the fusion between long and the short head and in the range of the crural insertion. In the gibbon, both heads fused completely. On the other hand, the fusion of the both heads of the chimpanzee and the spider monkey appeared incompletely. Especially, the range of the crural insertion of the short head of the spider monkey was so wide distally that it was as wide as those of the monoceptual muscle of the Japanese macaque.
Functional investigation: Four modes of the locomotion (horizontal quadrupedal walking, quadrupedal walking on the inclined pole, vertical climbing and the bipedal walking) were selected for this study. When the load acting in the motion was small as the case of the horizontal quadrupedal walking, the part inserting to the crural part of the monoceptual muscle functioned only to adjust the disposition of the limb segments. But when the load got greater
as the case of the vertical climbing, the same part of the muscle was also recruited to generate propulsive force. On the other hand, the long heads of the bicipital type acted to generate the propulsive force in each mode of the locomotion. It was shown that the morphological type of the biceps femoris muscles correlates to the species specific modes of the locomotion.

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Five morphologic crown traits were observed in a sample of 50 Ladakhi males of the state Jammu & Kashimir in India. The Ladakhi dentitions are characterized by high frequency of shoveling, a well-reduced hypocone in second molars and mandibular molar with five cusps. They exhibit low frequency of CARABELLI's trait and Dryopithecus pattern. When the Ladakhi crown trait frequencies were compared with those of six other Asian populations, the Ladakhi dentitions showed the closest affinities to Sherpas dentitions. The tooth crown morphology of the Ladakhi lies between the Mongoloids and the Caucasoids. The biological distances among the compared populations are closely associated with geographical distances.

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The purpose of this study was to get a reliable method for estimation of kinship among the ancient human skeletal remains. First, Q-mode correlation coefficients(SOKAL & SNEATH, 1963)based on the tooth measurements were calculated from the following materials: 127 dental casts obtained from 50 families living in south-western Japan and unrelated 26 modern skulls and 4 dental casts.
The results were as follows:
1) At least 6 variables and under 20% incidence of the pairs with high value of Q-mode correlation coefficients among the controls were necessary to get good results.
2) The incidence of high valued pairs among the kins were clearly higher than that among the controls. However, some tooth combinations showed the same incidence pattern as the controls with regard to the cousins.
3) The value of Q-mode correlation coefficient varies with the tooth combinations.In application to the ancient human skeletal remains, it should be calculated in many combinations as possible. High value obtained in one or more combinations could be considered to indicate the close affinity.
Then this method was applied and tested to the ancient human skeletal remains from two tunnel-tombs, Yashikitayama and Uenoharu 34.
These results suggested the validity of this method and its application to the ancient human skeletal remains.

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As one of clue to systematize biostereometrics together with its analysis and display method, the auther developed computer graphics application program, putting geometrical modeling to represent human figure. The advantage of this program is to generate surface model only from 3-D coordinates of several points on the human body surface using H0SAKA'S method. Those data points are selected from characteristics points on concavo-convex body surface and those of anthropometrically significant points.
With this method, it became possible to present the original figure in detail or in a simpler shape according to the degree of selection for data points. As the surface model could present various geometrical information and applications concerning to any point or part of the surface, it showed a possibility for supplying consistency to the whole process of 3-D analysis.

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Somatometric measurements of North Chinese soldiers were taken by the senior author (H. S.) in North China in 1941. Basic statistics of the measurements and indices are presented.

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