Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon
Online ISSN : 1884-765X
Print ISSN : 0003-5505
ISSN-L : 0003-5505
Volume 99, Issue 3
Displaying 1-11 of 11 articles from this issue
  • [in Japanese]
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 253-255
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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  • Erik TRINKAUS, Steven E. CHURCHILL, Isabelle VILLEMEUR, Kathy G. RILEY ...
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 257-278
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The interpretation of the evolution of human manipulative and locomotor behavior from hominid fossil remains during the Pleistocene requires a clear distinction between changes in relative musculo-skeletal massiveness indicating different levels of activity (robusticity) and alterations in form implying contrasting patterns or frequencies of behavior. A review of ongoing research on Neandertal appendicular morphology with respect to the scapulo-humeral articulation, the pollical and mid-carpal carpo-metacarpal articulations, proximal femoral trabecular orientation, femoral diaphyseal cross-sectional geometry, and proximal pedal phalangeal diaphyseal proportions illustrate the nature of the problems associated with making distinctions between robusticity and shape in fossil hominid remains. Nonetheless, it is apparent that differences in shape, in addition to contrasts in robusticity, exist between the Neandertals and modern humans.
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  • Hideo TAKAHASHI
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 279-287
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The purpose of this study was to analyze the densitometric difference between human and nonhuman primate femoral shafts. A total of 37 femoral midshafts including 11 humans and 26 nonhuman primates were scanned by a computerized tomography (CT). Each of the obtained cross sections was divided into 8 regions corresponding to anatomical directions. Mean CT number and mean bone thickness for each region were calculated from the image data. Using these variables and the subperiosteal borders, coefficient of variation for bone density (CV), index of cross section (DI), index of bone thickness (TH), and index of bone density (DE) were derived and the relations among the indices were statistically analyzed. The mediolateral deviation of bone density in human femoral midshafts suggests a mechanical adaptation to bipedal locomotion. In nonhuman primates the correlation coefficient between DE and TH was higher than that between DE and DI. This implies an adaptive sequence from bone tissue level to cross-sectional shape, induced by mechanical stress.
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  • Masato NAKATSUKASA, Sugio HAYAMA
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 289-296
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Structural strength of the femur of a Japanese monkey which had been trained for bipedalism for 11 years was studied using CT images. Cross-sectional properties were obtained at below the lesser trochanter level and at mid-length level. The analysis revealed significantly greater strength of the bone compared to ordinary monkeys. Despite greatly increased structural strength, bending rigidity pattern of the diaphysis is similar to that of ordinary monkeys rather than humans. Modifications are more apparent at below the lesser trochanter level than at the mid-length level. This may suggest that the muscle activities, which stabilize the hip joint, severely affect the proximal femur shaft in monkey bipedalism.
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  • Akiyoshi MATSUMURA
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 297-318
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
  • Shuji TAKEUCHI
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 319-332
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The unexercised limb bones of a male patient with hydrocephalus, who had been bedridden for 16 years, were observed and measured in order to examine growth transformation and growth direction. Although length growth was not markedly disturbed, transverse growth and the thickness of periosteal deposition were delayed. These findings confirmed that stress is necessary for growth of bone thickness. No differences in the circumference and area of the medullary cavity were evident between this subject and the femora of the average adult male, in spite of the delayed thickness growth. Therefore it was considered that lack of exercise disturbs the thickness growth of bone, but does not disturb bone resorption in the medullary cavity.
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  • Hiroko IWATA
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 333-344
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    By applying the quantification method of the third type to the questionnairedata answered by the parents of 395 children, an analysis was made of the typical body motions, such as turning, crawling, creeping and shuffling, and their frequencies observed in infancy. A close distribution was observed in the category scores of highfrequency crawling, high-frequency creeping, high-frequency turning and lowfrequency shuffling. Therefore, these categories were classified into a group which illustrates prone-predisposed locomotion. With the application of this method to the grouping of the subjects, babies were classified into eight groups. Group G1 included 188 (47.6%) babies who showed the development of prone-predisposed locomotion. G2 and G3 included 134 (33.9%) babies whose locomotor development was characterized by low-frequency shuffling. G4 babies (31, or 7.8%) showed each motion of high-frequency, and G5 babies (19, or 4.8%) showed that of low-frequency. The locomotor development of the other babies (23, or 5.9%) who belonged to G6, G7 or G8 was characterized by high-frequency shuffling.
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  • Tsunehiko HANIHARA
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 345-361
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    Metric and non-metric dental variation among several Ainu samples was analyzed. Recent Ainu samples from Hokkaido and Sakhalin form a tight cluster. The sample from the people of the Okhotsk culture, or Omisaki sample, shows a quite dispersed arrangement. Extending the comparisons to include East and Southeast Asian and the Pacific samples validates the relatively homogeneous dental pattern of recent Ainu. The Omisaki sample has dental characteristics similar to those of sinodont populations. Discriminant function analyses based on metric and non-metric data indicate that some Omisaki individuals are classified as part of the members of sundadont populations, and others as those from sinodont populations. These findings suggest that the people of the Okhotsk culture were likely migrants from the north. However, they might have exerted little genetic influence on the formation of the physical characteristics of recent Ainu. The results obtained in the present study re-confirm that Ainu may be direct descendants of the Neolithic Jomon people. They share the ancestral ties with the generalized Asiatic populations, as represented by Negritos. It is quite likely that members of the late Pleistocene Sundaland populations could have colonized the continental shelf of East Asia, extending to Hokkaido and Sakhalin in the north and western Micronesia and Polynesia in the east.
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  • Nobuo MASATAKA
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 363-369
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The present study was conducted to evaluate cry features and cortisol level in 10 healthy, full-term male newborns. For each of them, a total of 10 10-min vocal recording sessions were undertaken when spontaneous crying was displayed. Simultaneously saliva was collected from the subject. The results indicated that the duration of cries and the amount of dysphonation in cries were highly correlated with cortisol level in every infant. When the cortisol level was higher, the cry segments were likely to be longer and dysphonated more frequently. However, the fundamental frequency measures did not show such correlations. The significance of these results are discussed with reference to findings of previous studies on cry perception.
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  • Kazuo UMETSU, Mei DING, Yoshiko HAYASHIDA, Isao YUASA, Tsuneo SUZUKI
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 371-375
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
    The genetic polymorphism of alpha-2-HS-glycoprotein (AHSG) have been analyzed in Chinese, Korean and remaining Japanese orphan in China populations by isoelectric focusing and immunoblotting technique. Three new variants designated as AHSG*Cl, AHSG*C2 and AHSG*C3 were found. The frequencies of common alleles (AHSG*1 and AHSG*2) were approximately the same among East Asian populations.
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  • Junzo KAWADA
    1991 Volume 99 Issue 3 Pages 377-391
    Published: 1991
    Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008
    JOURNAL FREE ACCESS
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