Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

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The purpose of this study is to examine the linearity and the uniformity of increase in pulmonary diffusing capacity for carbon monoxide during exercise. The subjects were four healthy volunteers (22 yr old) who were studied at rest and during exercise. Exercise was performed in duplicate with an electronically braked bicycle ergometer at a load of 50, 70, 90, 110 or 130 watts for about 15 min. Diffusing capacity increased in a linear fashion with increasing oxygen intake as shown in a highly correlation coefficient above 0.98 in each subject. Both slopes of diffusing capacity on oxygen intake and on pulmonary capillary blood volume were uniform among subjects and also among subject groups which was indicated by a comparison with other previous reports. This suggests that increase in diffusing capacity necessary for a unit increase in oxygen intake is not different between individuals and between subject groups and that this increase reflects the uniform change in pulmonary capillary blood volume. In addition, it is implied that diffusing capacity might be a significant factor to determine the over-all oxygen transport capacity. On the other hand, the elevation of regression of diffusing capacity on oxygen intake was different significantly between subjects, which was caused by the difference in diffusing capacity at rest. It was thought that diffusing capacity during exercise expressed as a percent of resting value could not be evaluated adequately.

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A series of bone tissue of an ancient human femur from Maezuka Kofun in Nara Prefecture was examined by the scanning and transmission electron microscopy and the historadiography. Furthermore, the same bone material was analyzed for amino acid composition.
1) On the Kofun bone materials, only traces of the Haversian and Volkmann canals could be recognized; neither concentric nor interstitial lamellae could be identified at all with the scanning microscope.
2) In the historadiography from the same section, however, the Haversian system appeared with the characteristic concentric rings surrounding a central canal; the interstitial lamellae were shown lucent on the film.
3) Transmission electron microscopy of the microreplicas disclosed the presence of collagenous material. Striated fibrils could be found with the typical periodicity of 640A. Ancient bone tissue contained in addition hexagonal crystals of which diameters were considerably larger than those of recent bone crystals.
4) Hydrolysate of the demineralized Kofun bone contained 726.8n mol/g amino acids with similar composition to the recent bone amino acid contents.

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