Journal of the Anthropological Society of Nippon

Cold Tolerance of Japanese Assessed by the Lower Critical Temperature and so on

Masaru ISHII

1976 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 93-104
Published: June 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.84.93

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Five male Japanese adults were exposed to 10°C, 20°C, 25°C and 28°C ambient for 2 hr. The mean skin temperature, rectal temperature and heat production were measured during each exposure. In addition the electromyogram was led for monitor of the shivering. These results were compared with others from Japanese and some ethnical groups.
The mean skin temperature decreased significantly with decreased ambient temperature. The amount of decrese was less than that of Caucasian and Bantu groups. The rectal temperature was independent of the ambient temperature, although it showed increment for Caucasians and decrement for Bantu with decreased ambient temperature. Significant increase in heat production during cold exposure was less than that for Caucasians and was about the same for Bantu. The severity of shivering was coincident well with heat production. The ratio of increase in heat production to decrease in mean skin temperature was caliculated as a parameter of cold tolerance. The ratio for this group was larger than that for other Japanese group. The discrepancy was interpreted as to be caused by the different experimental procedure. Although no difference was noticed in the ratio between this group and Caucasians, a difference in the response to cold was discussed. The lower critical temperature that was caliculated by the intercept method was 22.0°C for this group, and the average for this group from individual estimations was 21.7°C. These were lower than those for other ethnical groups. The difference among them was discussed from view points of the experimental procedure and human adaptability to cold.

View full abstract

Download PDF (1209K)
Some Factors Affecting the Power Spectra of Surface Electromyograms in Isometric Contractions

Haruhiko SATO

1976 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 105-113
Published: June 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.84.105

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

In order to investigate the variations in the EMG power spectra, the power spectra of the bipolar surface EMG of the biceps brachii were obtained for the frequency range from 6 to 192 Hz by the autocorrelation and its Fourier transformation technique. The EMG power spectra of the biceps brachii showed relatively definite pattern with some intra- and inter-individual variations. The difference in the EMG power spectra between the right and left biceps brachii was not larger than the inter-individual variation. No systematic variation was observed in the EMG power spectra either with the contraction level or with the muscle length. It was concluded that the power spectra of the bipolar surface EMG of a muscle show relatively definite pattern irrespective of subjects, right- or left-side, contraction level and muscle length at least for normal biceps brachii if constant electrode condition is maintained.

View full abstract

Download PDF (775K)
The Effects of Prolonged Muscular Work on Oxygen Intake, Heart Rate and the Relation between Both of Them

Iwao SHIMIZU, Akio HASHIMOTO, Tadakatu OHNAKA, Nobuo NARAKI, Yuji TAKA ...

1976 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 114-120
Published: June 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.84.114

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Under a normal temperature environment we studied the effects of prolonged muscular work on heart rate and oxygen intake and the relation between both of them.
The subjects were six healthy young male students (Table 1). They carried out one-hour work with a bicycle ergometer of 30, 40, 50 and 60% of their maximal oxygen intakes. This led to mean rectal temperature increases respectively 0.4, 0.6, 0.9 and 1.4°C. Submaximal work at first 30% and then 50% was carried out for 7 minutes each before and after the one-hour work. Pulmonary ventilation, oxygen intake, heart rate and rectal temperature were measured during these pre and post periods. Subjects carried out twice each experiment.
When one-hour work at 50 and 60% was carried out, oxygen intake and heart rate taken during post submaximal works were significantly increased in comparison with those taken during pre submaximal works.
It was also confirmed that the regression line of oxygen intake on heart rate was significantly shifted toward right after the prolonged muscular works and that this tendency was much more remarkable when the intensity of prolonged work was high (Fig. 1 & Table 5, 6). These results were discussed comparing with the effect of high temperature condition on heart rate and oxygen intake.

View full abstract

Download PDF (708K)
Indirect Determination of Maximal Oxygen Intake at Different Air Temperature Conditions.

Masahiko SATO, Terutoshi SAKATE, Yuji TAKASAKI

1976 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 121-130
Published: June 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.84.121

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The purpose of this study is to make a nomogram for estimating maximal oxygen intake at 20°C, 30°C and 40°C of air temperature and to investigate the reliability and validity of it.
Two male subject groups volunteered for this study. Group I consists of students of Kyushu Institute for Design Research, none of them has a career as an athlete or special experiences of physical training. Group II is students of Department of Physical Education in Hiroshima University. Between both the groups, there is a large difference in physical resources (Table 1), and the significance was confirmed by the analysis of variance in the cases of maximal oxygen intake and body weight.
The heart rate during submaximal step works increases as air temperature rises from 20°C to 40°C, though the oxygen intake shows no obvious changes (Table 3). Therefore, the coefficient of regression of %Vo.max on heart rate decreases gradually as the temperature rises (Table 5). According to the regressions, a nomogram was constituted for estimating maximal oxygen intake from the heart rate and oxygen intake during submaximal work at different air temperature conditions (Fig. 1).
The reliability of this nomogram was investigated by the method of comparing estimated value of oxygen intake by this nomogram with the directly determined maximal oxygen intake and the calculated maximal oxygen intake from the nomogram by ÅSTRAND & RYHMING. All of the present comparisons showed a higher reliabilty of this nomogram than that by ÅSTRAND & RYHMING (Tables 3, 4, 6, & 7).
The characteristics of the new nomogram were discussed from viewpoints of heat stress, postural effect, race difference, and the others.

View full abstract

Download PDF (1082K)
Discovery of Fossil Homo sapiens from Cho chen in Taiwan

Tokio SHIKAMA, C. C. LING, Nobuo SHIMODA, Hisao BABA

1976 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 131-138
Published: June 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.84.131

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

Right and left parietal fragments were found on the river floor of Chai-liao river in Cho-chen, Taiwan. They are considered to be derived from the gravel bed between Tainan formation (middle Holocene) and Kicho formation (middle Villafrancian). They are well fossilized with density of 2.58 (right parietal fragment), brown coloured, lustrous and slightly weathered. The right parietal fragment is thought to have belonged to a young individual, by its thickness (4.1-5.6mm), weak superior temporal line and opened sagittal suture. The left parietal fragment is thought to have belonged to a full matured individual by its thickness (4.9-6.5mm) and strong superior temporal line. These two should be attributed to Homo sapiens sapiens. The chronological age estimated by fluorine and manganese contents is about 20, 000 to 30, 000 years B.P.

View full abstract

Download PDF (2313K)
Anatomical Identification and Anthropological Consideration of a Humerus of the Dugong (Dugong dugon) from Urasoe Shellmound in Okinawa Island

Teruyuki HOJO

1976 Volume 84 Issue 2 Pages 139-146
Published: June 30, 1976
Released on J-STAGE: February 26, 2008

DOIhttps://doi.org/10.1537/ase1911.84.139

JOURNAL FREE ACCESS

Show abstractHide abstract

The author made a comparative anatomical identification of a humerus of the dugong excavated from Urasoe shellmound with Ichiki type potteries (late Jomon period) in Okinawa island. The specimen, weighing 460 g, is 195 mm long and is calcified to a little extent. In close to a big head are a short neck and two tubercles-a greater and a lesser. There is a long, narrow and shallow intertubercular groove. It has a long deltoid crest and a spiral groove of the radial nerve. In the posterior aspect there is a shallow olecranon fossa. In South Sea Islands, for instance, the Palau islands, atlases of the sea mammals have been generally used for personal ornaments. But it still remains undetermined whether this specimen was used for personal ornaments or not.

View full abstract

Download PDF (1142K)

Register with J-STAGE for free!